Essentials Of International Relations Vocab

Front 1

Anarchy

Back 1

The absence of governmental authority (7)

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Arms control

Back 2

Restrictions on the research, manufacture, or deployment of weapons systems and certain types of troops (274).

Front 3

Asymmetric warfare

Back 3

War between political actors of unequal strength in which the weaker party tries to neutralize its opponent's strength by exploiting the opponent's weakness (256)

Front 4

Balance of power

Back 4

any system in which actors (e.g. states) enjoy relatively equal power, such that no single state or coalition of states is able to dominate other actors in the system (33)

Front 5

Behavioralism

Back 5

An approach to the study of social science and international relations that posits that individuals and units like states act in regularized ways; leads to a belief that behaviors can be described, explained, and predicted (9).

Front 6

Belief system

Back 6

the organized and integrated perceptions of individuals in a society, including foreign-policy decision makers, often based on past history, that guide them to select certain policies over others (164)

Front 7

Bipolarity

Back 7

An international system in which there are two great powers or blocs of roughly equal strength or weight (63)

Front 8

Bureaucratic politics

Back 8

the model of foreign-policy decision making that posits that national decisions are the outcomes of bargaining among bureaucratic groups having competing interests; decisions reflect the relative strength of the individual bureaucratic players or of the organizations they represent (140)

Front 9

Capitalism

Back 9

the economic system in which the ownership of the means of production is in private hands; the system operates according to market forces whereby capital and labor move freely; according to radicals, an exploitative relationship between the owners of production and the workers (45)

Front 10

CEDAW

Back 10

Convention for the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women; adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979, came into force in September 1981; the United States remains the only developed state which has not ratified the convention (358)

Front 11

Cognitive Consistency

Back 11

The tendency of individuals to accept information that is compatible with what has previously been accepted, often by ignoring inconsistent information; linked to the desire of individuals to be consistent in their attitudes (165)

Front 12

Cold War

Back 12

The era in international relations between the end of World War II and 1990, distinguished by ideological, economic, political, and military rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States (43)

Front 13

Collective good

Back 13

public goods that are available to all regardless of individual contribution - e.g., the air, the oceans, or Antartica - but that no one owns or is individually responsible for; with collective goods, decisions by one group or state have effects on other groups or states (183)

Front 14

Collective security

Back 14

the concept that agression against a state should be defeated collectively because aggression against one state is an aggression against all; basis of League of Nations and United Nations (78)

Front 15

Colonialism

Back 15

the 15th-20th century practice of founding, maintaining, and expanding colonies abroad. Colonialism, now universally delegitimized, was marked by two main motivations: (1) showing indigenous people how best to live (a "civilizing mission"); and (2) exploiting indigenous people and their territory for labor and material resources in order to increase the power of the colonial authority (30)

Front 16

Comparative advantage

Back 16

the ability of a country to make and export a good relatively more efficiently than other countries; the basis for the liberal economic principle that countries benefit from free trade among nations (287)

Front 17

Compellence

Back 17

the use of threats to coerce another into taking an action it otherwise would not take (134)

Front 18

Complex peacekeeping

Back 18

multidimensional operations using military and civilian personnel, often including traditional peacekeeping and nation-building activities; more dangerous because not all parties have consented and because force is usually used (193)

Front 19

Constructivism

Back 19

an alternative international relations theory that hypothesizes how ideas, norms, and institutions shape state identity and interests (84)

Front 20

Containment

Back 20

a foreign policy designed to prevent the expansion of an adversary by blocking its opportunities to exapnd, by supporting weaker states through foreign aid programs, and by the use of coercive force only to oppose an active attempt by an adversary to physically expand; the major U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War era (44)

Front 21

Cultural relativism

Back 21

the belief that human rights, ethics, and morality are determined by cultures and history and therefore are not universally the same (352)

Front 22

Democratic peace

Back 22

theory supported by empirical evidence that democratic states do not fight wars against each other, but do fight wars against authoritarian states (136, 233)

Front 23

Demographic transition

Back 23

the situation in which increasing levels of economic development lead to falling death rates, followed by falling birthrates (336)

Front 24

Dependency theorists

Back 24

individuals whose ideas are derived from radicalism, and explain poverty and underdevelopment in developing countries based on their historical dependence on and domination by rich countries (83)

Front 25

Derivatives

Back 25

financial instruments often derived from an asset (mortgages, loans, foreign exchange, interest rates) which parties agree to exchange over time; way of buying and selling risk international financial markets (295)

Front 26

Detente

Back 26

the easing of tense relations; in the context of this volume, detente refers to the relaxation and reappraisal of threat assessments by political rivals, for example, the United States and Soviet Union during the later years of the Cold War (55)

Front 27

Deterrence

Back 27

the policy of maintaining a large military force and arsenal to discourage any potential aggressor from taking action; states commit themselves to punish an aggressor state (56)

Front 28

Diplomacy

Back 28

the practice of states trying to influence the behavior of other states by bargaining negotiating, taking specific non-coercive actions or refraining from such actions, or appealing the the foreign public for support of a position (129)

Front 29

Direct foreign investment

Back 29

investing in another state, usually by multinational corporations, by establishing a manufacturing facility or developing an extractive industry (293)

Front 30

Disarmament

Back 30

the policy of eliminating a state's offensive weaponry; may occur for all classes of weapons or for specified weapons only; the logic of the policy is that fewer weapons leads to greater security (274)

Front 31

Diversionary war

Back 31

the theory that leaders start conflicts to divert attention from domestic problems (237)

Front 32

Epistemic communities

Back 32

transnational communities of experts and technical specialists who share a set of beliefs and a way to approach problems (333)

Front 33

Ethnonational movements

Back 33

the participation in organized political activity of self-conscious communities sharing an ethnic affiliation; some movements seek autonomy within an organized state; others desire separation and the formation of a new state; still others want to join with a different state (150)

Front 34

European Union (EU)

Back 34

a union of twenty-seven European states, formerly the European Economic Community; designed originally during the 1950s for economic integration but since expanded into a closer political and economic union (205)

Front 35

Evoked set

Back 35

the tendency to look for details in a contemporary situation that are similar to information previously obtained (166)

Front 36

Externalities

Back 36

in economics, unintended side effects that can have positive or negative consequences (341)

Front 37

First-generation human rights

Back 37

political or civil rights of citizens that prevent governmental authority from interfering with private individuals or civil society (negative rights) (350)

Front 38

First-strike capability

Back 38

the ability to launch a nuclear attack capable of completely preventing a retaliatory strike (135)

Front 39

General Assembly

Back 39

one of the major organs of the United Nations; generally adresses issues other than those of peace and security; each member state has one vote; operates with six functional committees composed of all member states (191)

Front 40

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Back 40

founded by treaty in 1947 as the Bretton Woods institution responsible for negotiating a liberal international trade regime that included the principles of nondiscrimination in trade and most-favored-nation status; re-formed as the World Trade Organization in 1995 (293)

Front 41

Global governance

Back 41

structures and processes that enable actors to coordinate interdependent needs and interests in the absence of a unifying political authority (368)

Front 42

Globalization

Back 42

the process of increasing integration of the world in terms of economics, politics, communications, social relations, and culture; increasingly undermines traditional state sovereignty (144)

Front 43

Group of 7 (G7)

Back 43

group of traditional economic powers (U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan, Germany, Italy, Canada) who meet annually to address economic problems; when Russia joins, the G-8 discussions turn to political issues.

Front 44

Group of 77

Back 44

a coalition of about 125 developing countries that press for reforms in economic relations between developing and developed countries; also referred to as the South (191)

Front 45

Group of 20

Back 45

group of finance ministers and heads of central banks (recently heads of state) of major economic powers, including China, Russia, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, as well as representatives from the G-7; meets periodically to discuss economic issues (191)

Front 46

Groupthink

Back 46

the tendency for small groups to form a consensus and resist criticism of a core position, often disregarding contradictory information in the process; group may ostracize members holding a different position (167)

Front 47

Guerrila warfare

Back 47

the use of irregular armed forces to undermine the will of an incumbent government (or its foreign support) by selectively attacking the government's vulnerable points or personnel over a prolonged period of time; guerrillas hide among the people the aim to represent, and as such tend to place ordinary citizens and great risk; guerrillas require both social support (or at a minimum, social apathy) and sanctuary (either a remote base in a rugged environment or a weakly defended international border) in order to survive, and by surviving, to win (253)

Front 48

Hegemon

Back 48

a dominant state that has preponderance of power; often establishes and enforces the rules and norms in the international system (33)

Front 49

Hegemonic stability theorists

Back 49

those who support the theory that a dominant state is needed to support an integrated world economy; the hegemon is willing to bear the costs of maintaining the system (285)

Front 50

Humanitarian intervention

Back 50

actions by states, international organizations, or the international community in general, to intervene usually with coercive force, to alleviate human suffering without necessarily obtaining consent of the state (263)

Front 51

Human security

Back 51

a concept of security broadened to include the protection of individuals from systematic violence, environmental degradation, and health disasters; the concept gained ground after the Cold War due to the inability or unwillingness of states (see also "responsibility to protect") to adequately protect their own citizens (189)

Front 52

Hypotheses

Back 52

tenative statements about casual relationships put forward to explore and test its logical and usually its empirical consequences (67)

Front 53

Imperialism

Back 53

the policy and practice of extending the domination of one state over another through territorial conquest or economic domination; in radicalism, the final stage of expansion of the capitalist system (30)

Front 54

Institutions

Back 54

processes and structures of social order around which relatively stable individual and group expectations and identities converge; for example, in most places the contemporary institution of marriage is a simultaneously social, political, and economic one (233)

Front 55

Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)

Back 55

international agencies or bodies established by states and controlled by member states that deal with areas of common interests (181)

Front 56

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Back 56

the Bretton Woods institution originally charged with helping states deal with temporary balance-of-payments problems; now plays a broader role in assisting debtor developing states by offering loans to those who institute specific policies, or structural adjustment programs (291)

Front 57

International regimes

Back 57

the rules, norms, and procedures that are developed by states and international organizations of of their common concerns and are used to organize common activities (186)

Front 58

International relations

Back 58

the study of the interactions among various actors (states, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and subnational entities like bureaucracies, local governments, and individuals) that participate in international politics (3)

Front 59

International society

Back 59

the states and substate actors in the international system and the institutions and norms that regulate their interaction; implies that these actors communicate, sharing common interests, and a common identity; identified with British school of political theory (103)

Front 60

Intrastate wars

Back 60

organized and deliberate violence within a state which results in at least one thousand battle-related deaths per year; civil wars are by far the most common form of intrastate war, but some terrorist attacks within states have exceeded the one-thousand deaths threshold, and might therefore be counted as wars (245)

Front 61

Interstate war

Back 61

Organized violence between internationally-recognized states which results in at least one thousand deaths from combat in a calendar year; since 1900, wars between states have been responsible for the greatest concentration of deaths in a relatively short period of time in world history - for example, World War II resulted in fifty to seventy million casualties from 1939 to 1945 (245)

Front 62

Irredentism

Back 62

the demands of ethnonationalist groups to take political control of territory historically or ethnically related to them by separating from their parent state or taking territory from other states (119)

Front 63

Islamic fundamentalism

Back 63

believers within Islam who offer a critique of secular states and seek to change states and individual behaviors to conform to a strict reading of Islamic texts (147)

Front 64

Just war tradition

Back 64

the idea that wars must be judged according to two catagories of justice: (1) "Jus ad bellum", or the justness of war itself; and (2) "Jus in bello", or the justness of each actor's conduct in war (261)

Front 65

League of Nations

Back 65

the international organization formed at the conclusion of World War I for the purpose of preventing another war; based on collective security (38)

Front 66

Legitimacy

Back 66

the moral and legal right to rule, which is based on law, custom, heredity, or the consent of the governed (24)

Front 67

Levels of analysis

Back 67

analytical framework based on the ideas that events in international relations can be explained by looking at individuals, states, or the international system and that causes at each level can be separated from causes at other levels (68)

Front 68

Liberalism

Back 68

the theoretical perspective based on the asusmption of the innate goodness of the individual and the value of political institutions in promoting social progress (76)

Front 69

Limited wars

Back 69

armed conflicts usually between states in which belligerents acknowledged limits on both the resources applied to an armed conflict, and on the political objectives sought by means of war (namely, some objective less than the total defeat of the adversary or its unconditional surrender) (248)

Front 70

Malthusian dilemma

Back 70

the situation that population growth rates will increase faster than agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages; named after Thomas Malthus (336)

Front 71

Mercantilism

Back 71

economic theory that international commerce should increase a state's wealth, especially gold; state power is enhanced by a favorable balance of trade (284)

Front 72

Mirror images

Back 72

the tendency of individuals and groups to see in one's opponent the opposite characteristics as those seen in one's self (166)

Front 73

Moral hazard

Back 73

problem when states or individuals are not made to pay the consequences of reckless behavior; they have little incentive to change that behavior (296)

Front 74

Most-favored-nation principle (MFN)

Back 74

principle in international trade agreements when states promise to give another state the same treatment in trade as the first state gives to its most-favored trading partner (293)

Front 75

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

Back 75

private enterprises with production facilities, sales, or activities in several states (83)

Front 76

Multipolar

Back 76

an international system in which there are several states or great powers of roughly equal strength or weight (63)

Front 77

Nation

Back 77

a group of people sharing a common language, history, or culture (25, 116)

Front 78

National interest

Back 78

the inerest of the state, most basically the protection of territory and sovereignty; in realist thinking, the interest is a unitary one defined in terms of the pursuit of power; in liberal thinking, there are many national interests; in radical thinking, it is the interest of a ruling elite (70)

Front 79

Nationalism

Back 79

devotion and allegiance to the nation and the shared characteristics of its peoples; used to motivate people to patriotic acts sometimes leading a group to seek dominance over another group (24)

Front 80

Nation-state

Back 80

the entity formed when people sharing the same historical, cultural, or linguistic roots form their own state with borders, a government, and international recognition; trend began with French and American Revolutions. (117)

Front 81

Negative externalities

Back 81

economies term for costly (harmful) unintended consequences of exchange, in political terms, a negative externality of a failed government might be refugees; in counter-insurgency, a negative externality for an incumbent government fighting insurgents might be increased terrorist group recruitment as a result of deliberately or inadvertently harming noncombatants in disputed areas (341)

Front 82

Neoliberal institutionalism

Back 82

a reinterpretation of liberalism that posits that even in an anarchic international system, states will cooperate because of their continuous interactions with eachother and because it is in their self-interests to do so; institutions provide the framework for cooperative interactions. (78)

Front 83

Neorealism

Back 83

a reinterpretation of realism that posits that the structure of the international system is the most important level to study; states behave the way they do because of the structure of the international system; includes the belief that general laws can be found to explain events (73)

Front 84

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

Back 84

a list of demands by the Group of 77 to reform economic relations between the North and the South, that is, between developed countries and the developing countries (105)

Front 85

Niche diplomacy

Back 85

approach of some states to concentrate diplomat efforts in a few areas of activity to increase power, often in human security issues (132)

Front 86

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Back 86

private associations of individuals or groups that engage in political, economic, or social activities usually across national borders (137, 181)

Front 87

Normative

Back 87

relating to ethical rules; in foreign policy and international affairs, standards suggesting what a policy should be (9)

Front 88

North

Back 88

the developed countries, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, including the countries of North America, the European countries, and Japan (104)

Front 89

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Back 89

military and political alliance between Western European states and the United States established in 1948 for the purpose of defending Europe from aggression by the Soviet Union and its allies; post-Cold War expansion to Eastern Europe (49)

Front 90

Offshore Financial Centers

Back 90

states or jurisdictions with few regulations on banking and financial transactions, often with low taxation; used by individuals and international banks to transfer funds (295)

Front 91

Organizational politics

Back 91

the foreign-policy decision making model that posits that national decisions are the products of subnational governmental organizations and units; the standard operating procedures and processes of the organizations largely determine the policy; major changes in policy are unlikely (139)

Front 92

Peacebuilding

Back 92

post-conflict political and economic activities designed to preserve and strengthen peace settlements, includes civil administration, elections, and economic development activities (193)

Front 93

Portfolio investment

Back 93

private investment in another state by purchasing stocks on bonds, without taking direct control of the investments (293)

Front 94

Power

Back 94

the ability to influence others and also to control outcomes so as to produce results that would not have occurred naturally (124)

Front 95

Power potential

Back 95

a measure of the power an entity like a state could have, derived from a consideration of both its tangible and its intangible resources; states may not always be able to transfer their power potential into actual power (124)

Front 96

Prisoner's Dillemma

Back 96

a theoretical game in which rational players (states or individuals) chose options that lead to outcomes (payoffs) such that all players are worse off than under a different set of choices (78)

Front 97

Public diplomacy

Back 97

use of certain diplomatic methods to create a favorable image of the state or its people in the eyes of other states and their publics; methods include, for example, goodwill tours, cultural and student exchanges, and media presentations (131)

Front 98

Radicalism

Back 98

a social theory, formulated by Karl Marx and modified by other theorists, that posits that class conflict between owners and workers will cause the eventual demise of capitalism; offers a critique of capitalism (81, 286)

Front 99

Rational actor

Back 99

in realist thinking, an individual or state that uses logical reasoning to select a policy; that is, it has a defined goal to achieve, considers a full range of alternative strategies, and selects the policy that bests achieves the goal (71)

Front 100

Realism

Back 100

a theory of international relations that emphasizes states' interest in accumulating power to ensure security in an anarchic world; based on the notion that individuals are power seeking and that states act in the pursuit of their own national interest defined in terms of power (70)

Front 101

Sanctions

Back 101

economic, diplomatic, and even coercive military force for enforcing an international policy or another state's policy; sanctions can be positive (offering an incentive to a state) or negative (punishing a state) (132)

Front 102

Satisfice

Back 102

in decision making theory, the tendency of states and their leaders to settle for the minimally acceptable solution, not for the best possible outcome, in order to reach a consensus and formulate a policy (141)

Front 103

Second-generation human rights

Back 103

social and economic rights that states are obligated to provide their citizenry, including the rights to medical care, jobs, and housing (positive rights) (350)

Front 104

Second-strike capability

Back 104

in the age of nuclear weapons, the ability of a state to respond and hurt an adversary after a first strike has been launched against that state by the adversary; ensures that both sides will suffer an unacceptable level of damage (135)

Front 105

Security dilemma

Back 105

the situation in which one state improves its military capabilities, especially its defenses, and those improvements are seen by other states as threats; each state in an anarchic international system tries to increase its own level of protection leading to insecurity in others, often leading to an arms race (232)

Front 106

Security Council

Back 106

one of the major organs of the United Nations charged with the responsibility for peace and security issues; includes five permanent members with veto power and ten non permanent members chosen from the General Assembly (190)

Front 107

Sex trafficking

Back 107

highly coercive and profitable organized criminal activity which forces mainly young women (but also young boys and some older women) to exchange sex for cash; distinguished by treatment of humans as disposable objects, and by interstate exchange (transport systematically isolates trafficked individuals from their language, culture, friends,and family; thus increasing their vulnerability) (361)

Front 108

Smart sanctions

Back 108

limited sanctions targeted to hurt or support specific groups; used to avoid the humanitarian costs of general sanctions (134)

Front 109

Socialism

Back 109

an economic and social system that relies on intensive government intervention or public ownership of the means of production in order to distribute wealth among the population more equitably; in radical theory, the stage between capitalism and communism. (45)

Front 110

Soft power

Back 110

ability to change a target's behavior based on the legitimacy of one's ideas or policies, rather than on material power (economic or military) (128)

Front 111

South

Back 111

the developing countries of Africa, Latin America, and southern Asia (104)

Front 112

Sovereignty

Back 112

the authority of the state, based on recognition by other states and by nonstate actors, to govern matters within its own borders that affect its people, economy, security, and forms of government (21)

Front 113

Sovereign wealth funds

Back 113

state-controlled ivnestment companies that manage large foreign exchange reserves; located in China or in petroleum-exporting countries (Norway, the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia) (295)

Front 114

State

Back 114

an organized political unit that has a geographic territory, stable population, and a government to which the population owes allegiance and that is legally recognized by other states. (116)

Front 115

Statism

Back 115

modern version of mercantilism; use of state power to achieve economic and social goals (284)

Front 116

Stratification

Back 116

the uneven distribution of resources among different groups of individuals and states (104)

Front 117

Structural adjustment programs

Back 117

IMF policies and recommendations aimed to guide states out of balance-of-payment difficulties and economic crises (301)

Front 118

Summits

Back 118

talks and meetings among the highest-level government officials from different countries; designed to promote good relations and provide a forum to discuss issues and conclude formal negotiations (55)

Front 119

Superpowers

Back 119

highest-power states as distinguished from other great powers; term coined during the Cold War and referred to the United States and Soviet Union (44)

Front 120

Sustainable development

Back 120

an approach to economic development that tries to reconcile current economic growth and environmental protection with the needs of future generations. (300)

Front 121

System

Back 121

a group of units or parts united by some form of regular interaction, in which a change in one unit causes changes in the others; these interactions occur in regularized ways (93)

Front 122

Terrorism

Back 122

the use of organized political violence by non-state actors against noncombatants in order to cause fear as a means to achieve a political or religious objective; a form of asymmetric warfare (257)

Front 123

Theory

Back 123

generalized statements about political, social, or economic activities that seek to describe and explain those activities; used in many cases as a basis of prediction (67)

Front 124

Third-generation human rights

Back 124

collective rights of groups, including the right of ethnic or indigenous minorities and designated special groups such as women and children, and the rights to democracy and development, among others (351)

Front 125

Total war

Back 125

armed conflicts usually among multiple powerful states involving widespread destruction and major loss of life in which participants acknowledge no limits on the use of force to achieve their political aims, and in which those aims encompass an adversary's unconditional surrender (246)

Front 126

Track-two diplomacy

Back 126

unofficial overtures by private individuals or groups to try and resolve an ongoing international crisis or civil war (168)

Front 127

Traditional peacekeeping

Back 127

the use of multilateral third-party military forces to achieve several different objectives, general to address and contain interstate conflict, including the enforcement of cease-fires and separation of forces; used during the Cold War to prevent conflict among the great powers from escalating (193)

Front 128

Transnational

Back 128

across national or traditional state boundaries; can refer to actions of various nonstate actors, such as private individuals and nongovernmental organizations (56)

Front 129

Transnational movements

Back 129

groups of people from different states who share religious, ideological, or policy beliefs and who work together to change the status quo (146)

Front 130

Treaties of Westphalia

Back 130

treaties ending the Thirty Years War in Europe in 1648; in international relations represents the beginning of state sovereignty within a territorial space (22)

Front 131

Unitary actor

Back 131

the state as an actor that speaks with one voice and has a single national interest; realists assume states are unitary actors (71)

Front 132

Universal Jurisdiction

Back 132

a legal concept that permits states to claim legal authority beyond their national territory for the purpose of punishing a particularly heinous criminal that violates the laws of all states or protecting human rights (222)

Front 133

Universal rights

Back 133

human rights believed to be basically the same at all times and in all cultures, a controversial notion. (352)

Front 134

War on terrorism

Back 134

a powerful rhetorical call to exploit a given society's totally available resources (both material and non-material) in order to defeat a political tactic; a key implication of declaring "war on terrorism" is that few if any limits on the use of a society's resources either should or will be observed. (62)

Front 135

Warsaw Pact

Back 135

the military alliance formed by the states of the Soviet bloc in 1955 in response to the rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO; permitted the stationing of soviet troops in Eastern Europe (49)

Front 136

Washington Consensus

Back 136

the liberal belief that only through specific liberal economic policies, especially privatization, can development result (300)

Front 137

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Back 137

Chemical, biological, or radiological weapons distinguished by an inability to restrict their destructive effects to a single time or place; they therefore share a quality of irrationality in their contemplated use because attackers can never be entirely protected from the harm of any attacks they initiate with such weapons (62, 252)

Front 138

World Bank

Back 138

a global lending agency focused on financing projects in developing countries; formally known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established as one of the key Bretton Woods institutions to deal with reconstruction and development after World War II (291)

Front 139

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Back 139

intergovernmental organization designed to support principles of liberal free trade; includes enforcement measures and dispute settlement mechanisms; established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (296)

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To Kat:

Back 140

Hope this helps out somehow. Love you.