Cell Reproduction

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anaphase

Back 1

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

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crossing over

Back 2

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

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haploid

Back 3

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

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centromere

Back 4

region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

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cytokinesis

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division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

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chromatin

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substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

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meiosis

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process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

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binary fission

Back 8

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half producing two identical daughter cells

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mitosis

Back 9

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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zygote

Back 10

fertilized egg

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homologous

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term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

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G1

Back 12

The first stage of the cell cycle- a cell grows and carries out normal functions

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interphase

Back 13

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

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diploid

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term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

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cell plate

Back 15

the partition separating two newly separated plant cells; eventually this will form the cell membranes

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spindle

Back 16

fibers that originate from centrioles that attach to chromosomes and move them into place during mitosis

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nondisjunction

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error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly

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cell cycle

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series of events in which a cell grows and prepares for division

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S

Back 19

the stage of the cell cycle in which the genetic material duplicates (DNA replication happens)

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prophase

Back 20

first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

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metaphase

Back 21

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

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gamete

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sex cell

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telophase

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phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

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chromatid

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one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

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germ cell

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a cell found in either the testes or ovaries that undergoes cell division to produce gametes (sex cells such as sperm or egg cells)

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G2

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the stage just before mitosis in which the cell makes final preparations to divide; organelles duplicate and the spindle apparatus forms

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sister chromatids

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two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere

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spermatogenesis

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formation of sperm

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autosomes

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chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; also called autosomal chromosome

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sex chromosome

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one of two chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex

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cleavage furrow

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In animal cells and some algal cells the pinching in that occurs at the end of telophase as a result of the action of microfilaments.

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polar body

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a small cell that does not develop into an ova; a “container” to get rid of excess chromosomes not needed by the egg cell during oogenesis

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oogenesis

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formation of 1 egg cell plus 3 polar bodies

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somatic cell

Back 34

normal body cell; undergoes mitosis & does not produce gametes