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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general purpose of the respiratory system?
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Gas exchange - Oxygen in, CO2 out of the bloodstream
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List the structures encountered by air on it's way to the bloodstream from outside the body
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Nose>Pharynx(back of mouth)>Larynx>(voice box)>Trachea>Bronchi>Bronchioles>Alveoli(air sacs)>Capillaries>Blood Stream
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Describe the sequence of events that must occur to inhale
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1. Diaphragm goes downwards (contracting)
2. Expands chest cavity 3. = decreases intrapleural (membranes around lungs, space in between) pressure 4. Lungs expand 5. Expand alveoli 6. Pressure in air sacs goes down 7. = air goes in |
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Describe the sequence of events that must occur to exhale
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To exhale:
1. Diaphragm goes up (relaxes) 2. Decreases chest cavity 3. = increases intrapleural pressure 4. Decreases lung size 5. Contracts alveoli 6. Pressure in air sacs goes down 7. = air goes out |
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What is pneumothorax?
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Pneumothorax = air in chest cavity
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What are the three primary components located within alveoli? What purpose do they serve?
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Alveoli
1. Respiratory membrane - between air and blood - very, very thin for gas exchange 2. Macrophage (WBC) to eat bad things 3. Surfactant cell - reduces surface tension - stops clingy water from collapsing alveoli (lube) |
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Smoking is bad for your lungs. Why?
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Smoking = thicker walls, macrohages die, surfactant goes away
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Describe the two chemical change sequences that occur within the lung capillaries for respiration
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in lung capillaries
Hb and O2 -> HbO2 (Hemoglobin plus oxygen to Oxyhemoglobin) = loading H+ (acid) and HCO3- <> H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) <> CO2 and H2O CO2 exits via exhaling |
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Describe the two chemical change sequences that occur within the tissues for respiration. A specific enzyme is required for one of these - what is it, and where does it come from?
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HbO2 -> Hb and O2 (Unloading)
O2 goes to tissues via diffusion CO2 and H2O <> H2CO3 <> H+ and HCO3- (uses carbonic anhydrase - enzyme, is in RBCs) |
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What is the relation between acidity and breathing?
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More Co2 cells make, more acid is in blood stream
More acid = more breathing (to expunge, blow off) |
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Why do we breathe?
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On test: Breathing is to get waste (CO2/acid) out, not oxygen in
Hyperventilating (IE swimmers before meet) lowers waste even more, allowing more capacity for holding breath (to a point) |
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How does temperature affect the efficiency of breathing?
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At higher than normal temperatures, oxygen unloading is higher than normal (fever), and less at lower than normal
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How does acidity affect the efficiency of breathing?
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At more CO2/acidity, more unloading than normal - if less CO2/basic, less unloading than normal
Breathing into paper bag is an artificial way to increase acidity and increase unloading |
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How do higher altitudes affect breathing? (Hint: remember what chemicals are involved for testing purposes!)
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after being at high altitude for a few days, body makes higher levels of 2,3-DPG, which shifts hemoglobin shape and increases unloading capacity
Long term, less oxy = more EPO = more RBC in about 4-6 weeks |
