Anatomy & Physiology I Ch. 4 (Histology & Tissues)

Front 1

Histology

Back 1

Microscopic study of tissues

Front 2

Biopsy

Back 2

Removing tissue samples surgically or with a needle for diagnostics

Front 3

Endoderm

Back 3

The inner layer
-lines the digestive tracts

Front 4

Mesoderm

Back 4

The middle layer
-Forms tissues such as muscles, bones, and blood vessels

Front 5

Ectoderm

Back 5

The outer layer
-Forms the skin
-Part of ectoderm becomes the nervous system (neuroectoderm)

Front 6

Neurectoderm

Back 6

tissues of the nervous system

Front 7

Neural Crest Cells

Back 7

Groups of cells that break away from the neuroectoderm during development.
-Contributes to Peripheral nerves, skin pigment, and medulla of the adrenal gland

Front 8

Epithelium

Back 8

Protective tissues

Front 9

Basement Membrane

Back 9

Extracellular material secreted by the epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.
-Helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues

Front 10

Free Surface

Back 10

Epithelial cells not attached to other cells

Front 11

3 types of Epithelium layers

Back 11

Simple Epithelium - Single layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium - More than one layer of cells
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - "Pseudo" = False, This looks like it is stratified but is not.

Front 12

Simple Epithelium

Back 12

One layer of cells, each cell extends from basement membrane to the free surface

Front 13

Stratified Epithelium

Back 13

More than one layer of cells, with basal layer attaching deepest layer to basement membrane

Front 14

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 14

Is simple, Pseudo = false.
-Appears stratified but isn't
-A single layer of cells
-All cells attach to basement membrane

Front 15

3 Shapes of Epithelial cells

Back 15

Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube shaped
Columnar - rectangular or elongated

Front 16

5 Functions of Epithelial Cells

Back 16

-Protecting underlying structures
-Acting as barriers
-Permitting the passage of substances
-Secreting substances
-Absorbinb substances

Front 17

Desmosomes

Back 17

A weak binding between cells

Front 18

Hemidesmosomes

Back 18

Attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Front 19

Glands

Back 19

Secretory organs

Front 20

Exocrine glands

Back 20

Glands with ducts lined with epithelium

Front 21

Endocrine Glands

Back 21

Glands without ducts
-contains extensive blood vessels in the connective tissue in the glands

Front 22

Hormones

Back 22

Cellular products of endocrine glands
-Secretes into blood to be carried through the body to cause a function

Front 23

Exocrine glands primarily composed of...

Back 23

Multicellular glands, few are unicellular

Front 24

Goblet Cells

Back 24

Epithelieal cell that produces mucus

Front 25

Simple Glands

Back 25

Glands that have ducts with few branches

Front 26

Compound Glands

Back 26

Glands that have ducts with many/repeated branches

Front 27

Acini

Back 27

Sac structure looks like grapes

Front 28

Alveoli

Back 28

Hollow sacs in glands

Front 29

Merocrine Glands

Back 29

Glands that secreet products with no loss to cells
-Example: Sweat Glands

Front 30

Apocrine Glands

Back 30

Contributes part of cytoplasm with it's secretion
-Example: Mammary Glands

Front 31

Holocrine Glands

Back 31

Secretes entire cells
-Example: When a cell ruptures and dies

Front 32

7 Functions to Connective Tissue

Back 32

-Enclosing and Separating
-Connecting tissues to each other
-Supporting and moving
-Storing
-Cushioning and insulating
-Transporting
-Protecting

Front 33

Connective Tissue - Enclosing and Separating

Back 33

Forms layers that seperate and surround organs

Front 34

Connective Tissue - Connecting to each other

Back 34

Tendons that attache muscle to bone and ligaments that hold bones together.

Front 35

Connective Tissue - Supporting and Moving

Back 35

-Bones provide support, cartilage supports structures such as the nose and ears.
-Joints provide movement

Front 36

Connective Tissue - Storing

Back 36

Bones that store calcium and phosphate

Front 37

Connective Tissue - Cushioning and Insulating

Back 37

Adipose tissue (fat) cushions insulates layers under the skin and provides cushion and protection to the tissue it surrounds

Front 38

Connective Tissue - Transporting

Back 38

Blood transports gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and cells

Front 39

Connective Tissue - Protecting

Back 39

-Cells in the immune system and blood provide protection against toxins and bacteria
-Bones protect structures from injuries

Front 40

Fibroblast

Back 40

Cells that form fibrous connective tissue

Front 41

Fibrocytes

Back 41

Maintains fibrous connective tissue

Front 42

Blasts and Cytes

Back 42

Blast - builds
Cyte - maintains

Front 43

Mast Cell

Back 43

Cells that contain chemicals: heparin and histamines, which are released in response to an injury

Front 44

3 Major Components of Extracellular Matrix

Back 44

-Protein fibers
-Ground substances containing non-fibrous protein or molecules
-fluid

Front 45

3 Types of Protein Fibers

Back 45

Collagen - 6% of total body weight, bonds to create ropelike helix's. (about 25 types of collagen chains)
Reticular - very fine collagen fibers
Elastic - has proteins called Elastin, can stretch then return to original size

Front 46

Proteoglycan Monomer

Back 46

Large molecule consisting of 80 - 100 Polysaccharides

Front 47

Connective tissue is...

Back 47

2 types - Embryonic and
Adult Connective tissue... is abundant and found in every organ.
consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix.

Front 48

2 types of Connective tissues

Back 48

Embryonic and Adult connective tissues

Front 49

Embryonic connective tissue

Back 49

aka Mesenchyme, makes up mucous, encloses organs, connects tissues together, tendons & ligaments.

Supports movements

Front 50

Cells of connective tissues

Back 50

Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix

Front 51

Blasts, Cytes, Clasts

Back 51

Blasts - creates the matrix

Cytes - maintains the matrix

Clasts - breaks down matrix

Front 52

Macrophage

Back 52

Phagocytizes (provides protection)

Front 53

Stem cells have potential...

Back 53

stem cells have potential to differential to adult cell types

Front 54

Tendons & ligaments

Back 54

resists stretching;

Tendons - muscle to bone
Ligaments - bone to bone

Front 55

Adipocytes (fat cells)

Back 55

Connective tissue w/ special properties: Adipose

Predominent cells are adipocytes.

2 types - Yellow and brown

Front 56

Yellow & Brown Adipocytes

Back 56

Yellow is most abundant, yellow is from carotene.

Brown is found in Neck, kidneys, and axillae (armpit). Is more abundant in infants

Front 57

Hyaline

Back 57

cartilage

Front 58

cancellous bone

Back 58

spongy part of bone

Front 59

Erythrocytes & Leukocytes

Back 59

Erythrocytes - Red blood cells
-Out numbers white blood cells 700-1000:1

Leukocytes - White blood cells
-responds to injury & fights bacteria

Front 60

Hemopoietic tissue

Back 60

found in bone marrow

forms blood cells

Front 61

2 types of bone marrow

Back 61

Red & Yellow

Yellow - Adipose tissue

Red - forms red blood cells

-Hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fiber that produce red and white cells