Branched-chain amino acids

Matsuura N, Shimadzu M, Adachi N, Hoshide R, Nishiyama S, Matsuda I. The polymorphic 43Thr BCL-2 protein confers relative resistance to autoimmunity: an analytical evaluation. Hum Genet 1998; 103:435?440. Matthew J. Betts and Robert B. Russell. Amino Acid Properties and Consequences of Substitutions. Chapter 14. Bioinformatics for Geneticists. Edited by Michael R. Barnes and Ian C. Gray. 2003; 289-…

You can use muscle building amino acids directly following your workout to help maximize your muscle gain. Read this article to discover what kinds of amino acids your body needs and when to take them. It’s amazing that so many bodybuilders know so little about amino acids considering how vital they are to overall health and muscle growth. Muscle building amino acids are what proteins are made out of; therefore they ultimately become part of your muscles and the rest of your body. They affect…

Receptors are protein molecules that receive chemical signals in the form of ligands and induce responses at cellular level. They are localized at the cell surface, cytoplasm or the nucleus, depending on their amino acid sequences. In addition to using these three different localizations to categorize receptors, the types of action of receptors are also used as a mean of classification. The four main classifications of receptors are: 1. Ionotropic (or ligand-gated ion channel) receptors, 2.…

biologically active molecules are chiral, including the naturally occurring amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and sugars. In biological systems, most of these compounds are of the same chirality: most amino acids are levorotatory (l) and sugars are dextrorotatory (d). Typical naturally occurring proteins, made of l amino acids, are known as left-handed proteins, whereas d amino acids produce right-handed proteins. d-amino acids are very rare in nature and have only…

ribosome to form polypeptides (and to complete the process of translation). But how? Amino acids have a trio of tRNA on them. tRNA is just three nitrogenous bases. When mRNA is on the ribosome, it is understood that the nitrogenous bases are set into groups of three. These are called codons. Codons are already pre-determined by a triplet that was formed by the original DNA. This is called a DNA triplet. The amino acid and tRNA, which are already attached to it, are called an anti-codon, because…

Finger nails are made up of keratin protein (the same keratin found in hair), which is formed by amino acids, and produced by living skin cells. The main components that make up a nail consists of; the nail plate which is located at the top of the nail. It is held together by protein fibers. The nail plate needs blood flow, oxygenation, and nutrients to grow. This is why an injured nail sometimes turns bruised or falls off. Oxygen penetrates through the nail plate. The nail bed is the skin…

to know about ATOMS and ELEMENTS and MOLECULES. To learn about atoms and elements and molecules, click here. Paul Lemur This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul. Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too). What makes polymers so fun is that how they act depends on what kinds of molecules they're made up of and how they're put together. The properties of anything made out of polymers really…

main biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, as well as provide a means for energy and cell support in plants. .( Parsi et al, 2016) They can be further categorized by the subtitles monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Since monosaccharides are monomers and thus simple sugars, as monomers are added to the chain they become polysaccharides. In addition starches and glycogens are…

Using a specific example discuss a possible target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics ATP synthase is a main enzyme used to produce ATP in respiration of a cell. It makes use of a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cell membrane to generate ATP. By transporting protons back across the membrane, using ADP and a phosphate ion to create ATP. Normally most bacteria can gain enough ATP to grow optimally through substrate level phosphorylation, however it has been shown that M.…

Safety and Nutrition., 1987) Alternatively, William Pardridge, M.D., has illustrated that dietary MSG does not enter our cerebral cavity or the brain as the blood-brain barrier in our system maintains a transport system for glutamates or acetic amino acids that do not allow the glutamates to circulate through the human brain. (Pardridge,…