Branched-chain amino acids

carbon dioxide and water produced back into organic compounds. Autotrophs can also break down the organic compounds to make carbon dioxide and water. There are three steps in cellular respiration: glycolysis, kerb cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis breaks down a molecule of glucose which has six carbon, down into two molecules of pyruvate which have three carbon in them. This will generate two ATP for one glucose…

In this study, we analyzed the bulk of genomic and transcribed CsRn1 sequences encompassing the putative frameshift region in C. sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, which is a nearest phylogenetic neighbor of the liver fluke, to address the issue regarding the expression strategy of CsRn1. Our results demonstrate that CsRn1 copies lacking frameshifting have arisen from the precedential counterparts with two overlapping ORFs by a single-nucleotide insertion at an upstream region of gag stop…

Introduction Drosophila melanogaster can be considered model organisms for the study of genetics. Some characteristics that contribute to this status are their quick lifecycles, large amount of offspring, and the presence of only four chromosomes. Drosophila melanogaster contain bristles on the thorax, head, legs, and abdomen. These bristles are used as a sensory mechanism, allowing fruit flies to detect their surroundings as they fly and walk around their environment (Yehuda, 2011). The rate…

melanocortin-1-receptors or MC1R genes found many variants of amino acid found in people who were red-haired but rarely found in the non-red people. Researchers have identified 3 common amino-acid-polymorphisms associated commonly with red haired people viz., R160W, R151C, & D294H. The abbreviated names mean common amino acid types were found in positions 160 151, & 294 in proteins are arginine (R), cysteine (C), arginine & aspartic acid (D), while amino acids histidine (H) & tryptophan (W),…

for both microassays and standard solutions. The analysis provides a linear response with concentrations of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) from 1 to 140 microliters. The reagent used was the combination of Bradford Reagent-Brilliant Blue G in phosphoric acid and methanol. The dye molecule is mostly deprotonated and converted on the process to a reddish colored species that have the potential to bind to other proteins. Once this red colored species bind to a protein the bound dye molecule transforms…

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS 1) Structure Figure 1.1 The omega-3 fatty acids are also known as ω-3 fatty acids or n-3 fatty acids which contain a long chain of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the chain ranges from 18 to 22 carbon atoms (Collins J.J., 2010). The fatty acids have two ends; the carboxylic acid end (-COOH) and the methyl end (-CH3). The carboxylic acid end is considered the starting of chain which is “alpha” and methyl chain is considered as the tail of the long chain…

Leroy et al. (2000) used 4 microsatellite primers to characterise Brassica oleracea accessions. Among the 136 reproducible fragments generated, 25 (18.4%) fragments were common for all Brassica, 27 (19.9%) were unique and 84 (61.7%) were phylogenetically informative. Flannery et al. (2006) assessed polymorphisms in Brassica, Arabidopsis, Camelina, Raphanus and Sinapis using 10 plastid SSR primer sets. Eight loci were polymorphic, and separated the individuals of Brassicaceae into taxon-specific…

Aim 2: How does folliculin detect amino acids to regulate mTORC1 activity? Here, the goals are to elucidate the mechanism of action that enables folliculin to function as an amino acid sensor. 2.1. Determine the amino acid reservoir folliculin senses. Evidence points FLCN as a novel amino acid sensor. To resolve the biochemical mechanism FLCN employs, we need identify the specific amino acid reservoir FLCN senses. Lysosomes’ are the main amino acid reservoir and the ‘inside-out’ mechanism is a…

Introduction So what is GGT? GGT stands for Gamma-glutamyl Transferase, it is found on the cell surface that contribute to the extracellular catabolism of glutathione (GSH). The most GGT serum is derived from the liver, but it is also produced in many other tissues. GGT is primarily carried with lipoproteins and albumin in serum. The levels of GGT is determined by various factors such as alcohol intake, body fat content, plasma lipid/ lipoproteins and glucose levels, and also various medications…

hetero-pairs in BLOCK (Plot A) follows similar pattern as Shannon Entropy Method (Plot C). Second, diversity profile for substitution by a given residue follows a characteristic pattern (plot B and D). Positional diversity changes when BLOCK undergoes amino acid substitutions. It is maximum when a position in BLOCK, has maximum and fixed occurrence of a residue (here V, first residue) followed by multiple copies of a second one (here I, second residue) with or without others. When other residues…