Apoptosis

sensory, autonomic or psychic behaviours (Eucare 2003). Seizures in epilepsy whether they are brief or repetitive can lead to neuronal and cell death in the brain regions might be the cause for further seizures in epilepsy (Henshall David et al., 2010). Cell death or apoptosis takes place by either extrinsic or intrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway was thought to be the most relevant in explaining neuronal death mechanisms in epilepsy (Youle et al., 2008). The intrinsic pathway is mainly mediated by Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) subgroup of Bcl-2 gene family which consists of eight members include Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w which are anti-death family member over-expression of these proteins inhibit cell death. Whereas, the multidomain pro-death members like Bcl-2-associated death protein (Bad), Bcl-2 interacting mediator of death (Bim), Bcl-2 interacting death protein (Bid), Bcl-XS, Puma and Noxa induce cell death for variety of stimuli. BH3 proteins functions by activating pro-apoptotic Bax/Bak by binding to it or by binding to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and inhibiting them (Youle et al., 2008). Bcl-2 protein inhibits apoptosis and protects the cell survival. Over expression of bcl-2 prevent apoptosis in Central Nervous System (CNS) and neurons in the presence of nerve growth factor. It regulates the permeability of mitochondrial outer membrane and transition pore formation. So, any injury caused to the mitochondrial membrane leads to release of pro-apoptotic…

2001). It has been suggested that effects of ROS on human cells may induce the oxidative injury leading to apoptosis (Salganik 2001). To study the relationship between ROS production and apoptosis, BaP-, DBT-, and Ret-induced ROS production in SK-N-SH cells was measured following exposure to CM-H2DCFDA, which forms a fluorescent oxidation product in the presence of ROS. Fig. ….shows the ROS levels after exposure to BaP, DBT, Ret, and H2O2 (positive control). A dose-dependent significant increase…

Neuroblastoma and microRNA- 34a is commonly mentioned together in many articles and studies around the world. With the advance in medicine and new discoveries, there has been found a dependence relation of neuroblastoma with these specific type of microRNA since it has been discovered how it could eliminate cancer eternally. MicroRNA-34a has not only revolutionized scientists but the world in general because of its ability to destroy neuroblastoma but also because is a new natural genetic…

JNK is one of the three branches of MAPK superfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Other members of this superfamily are p38 kinases and the ERKs (Kyriakis and Avruch, 2012). In mammals, there are 3 JNK genes: Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3 on 3 different chromosomes, and each mammalian JNK gene has alternative splicing forms (Derijard et al., 1994). JNK is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The JNK pathway plays a major role in apoptosis. JNK pathway is required for…

oxygen species from the body. Lead’s binding to Glutathione inactivates the enzyme and makes it unavailable to combat ROS formed in the system. Through the generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the inhibition of antioxidants similar to Glutathione that have sulfhydryl functional groups, Lead diminishes the human body’s ability to relieve itself from the accumulation of oxidative stressors.**** TOXICITY IN CANCER CELLS Studies suggest a mechanism for lead-induced apoptosis of Cancer cells…

Chemotherapy,” the authors discuss the relationship between the circadian clock, cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The authors then relate these relationships to cancer and treatment of cancer. The article backs their claims with numerous studies performed on both animal and human subjects. It also describes the importance of circadian rhythm in timing of drug delivery for cancer patients. This treatment method has been given the name chronotherapy and is successfully used today for the…

Necrosis occurs as a result of external injury due to cellular injury, bacterial toxin or trauma to a particular area of the body. Necrosis differs from apoptosis in a couple of ways. First, the morphological changes that a cell undergoes are different in necrosis compared to apoptosis. Secondly, apoptosis is highly regulated, however, necrosis is unregulated. The morphological changes that a cell undergoes during necrosis are the swelling of the cytoplasm, irreversible damage to the plasma…

inactivation of PI3K signaling pathways and the establishment of the mitochondrial apoptotic program via increase of Bax, decrease of Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c, caspase-3 activation as a consequence of which cell death may result. Kaempferol induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-dependent pathway in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Effects of Kaempferol in vivo are evaluated in BALB/cnu/nu mice inoculated with U-2 OS cells; indicate inhibition of tumor growth by…

Some can halt the growth of the tumor inside our body; some can prevent its spread etc. Today I would like to highlight the benefits of eating pomegranate and its effects on breast cancer. A normal cell has a tendency to divide as many times and then stop by a programmed cell death (apoptosis) when they are no longer needed; however a cancer cell loses its tendency to stop dividing, to attach to other cells, and to die by apoptosis. One of the reasons of breast cancer is the mutation in some…

Some experiments were aimed at finding how SOD1 becomes pro-apoptotic (promoting programmed cell death) due to the fact that healthy SOD1 are against programmed cell death (Pasinelli et al. 2004). The pro-apoptotic characteristic of mutant SOD1 is demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. The mitochondria inside cells firmly control apoptosis, and the mutant SOD1 that aggregates inside mitochondria triggers the programmed cell death of motor neurons (Pasinelli et al. 2004). One experiment studied…