Protein kinase

of a cell must be just right to sustain life and function. More demand would be placed on DNA for indefinitely growing cells because more protein production would be necessary for cellular function. Furthermore, more transcribed DNA to mRNA would lead to the RER working overtime to synthesize additional proteins. The ER would have to process a surplus of proteins being…

target tissue responses to insulin added to insulin synthesis and secretion are necessary to maintain normal fuel balance (Lebovitz, 2001). Biochemistry: Figure: Human proinsulin and insulin biochemistry, Junqueira et al., 1986 Insulin is a protein consisting of 51 amino acids contained within two peptide chains. A chain with 21 amino acids and B chain with 30 amino acids with two disulfide bridges connected the A and B chains. Another disulfide bridge links positions 6 and 11 in the A…

100,000 cancer deaths per year in the United States alone (Dang et al., 2006). The discovery that this gene is involved in so many cancers has sparked interest in both the scientific and medical communities. By finding the mechanisms by which this protein can induce cell proliferation, there is a possibility for targeted therapies in cancers that are associated with up-regulation…

Three things happen approximately at the same time when the platelets come into contact with tumor cells. The P-Selection proteins on the platelet membrane attach to the CD44 proteins on the surface of the cancer cells, locking it into place. ( Hu, 2015 para. 7) Afterwards the TRAIL on the surface of the pseudo-platelet attacks the cancer cell membrane. Finally the nanoscale pseudo-platelet is swallowed…

contamination protein), where the amounts of exosome protein were still uncertain. To solve this issue, we tested 10% of each tag-labeled sample using LC-MS/MS before mixing, and obtained the amount of exosome protein by a label-free method. High-abundance contamination proteins including all forms of IgG and FN were deleted from the list of identified proteins. The remaining proteins were assumed to be derived from exosomes. Then, all peptide intensities of exosome proteins were log2…

(PDB; 2OH4), CXCR2 (PDB; 4JL7), CXCR4 (PDB; 3OE6), CCR5 (PDB; 4MBS), AR (PDB; 2PIV), ER (PDB; 3ERT), γ-secretase (PDB; 4Y6K), PARP1 (PDB; 1UK1), Smoothened 7TM (PDB; 7QIM), and Wnt (PDB; 1JDH) retrieved from the protein data bank and prepared by using Maestro 9.6 application of protein preparation wizzards. Molecular docking studies was conducted using Maestro 9.6…

Introduction: All organisms depend on the action of enzymes to carry out the reactions of life. According to the text in Campbell Biology, enzymes are biological catalysts. These globular proteins speed the rate at which metabolic processes occur by lowering the activation energy or the energy barrier required to transform reactants to products. Each enzyme is specific, each containing active sites destined for a substrate. Substrates are the reactants or starting materials of chemical…

G-protein coupled receptors are found in eukaryotes, and are encoded by around 1-3% of the genes in the genome. In this essay I will discuss the general structure and model of activation of GPCRs, as well as how this model has been realised, through the study of bacteriorhodopsin, a homology model of GPCRs. There are many examples of GPCRs illustrating how GPCRs can have a wide range of cellular consequences and I will discuss how the activation of rhodopsin, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors,…

monophosphate and prevents an erection) is linked to an increased risk of melanoma cell growth. Aim: The aim of the study conducted was to analyse how components of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate causes a signalling pathway in which it activates a protein that attaches it self to a hormone receptor and brings about a change in the body) are created and its functional role in mice and human melanoma cells. Research question: The research question that was composed for the study was…

transduction pathway, and response is triggered by the molecules. Reception Reception is the beginning step of cell signaling, during this step, the signal cell will bind to a protein that is on the plasma membrane to begin the next step of cell signaling. Transduction When the signal cell binds to the protein, it changes the receptor protein; for example, it might change in shape. The signal of the cell has a molecule that that causes a specific…