Chemical equilibrium

I. Introduction Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rate at which products form equals the rate at which reactants form. When chemical equilibrium is reached, concentrations remain constant and stop changing. The state of equilibrium is characterized by its equilibrium constant, Keq. The equilibrium constant is the quantitative value that is determined when molar equilibrium concentrations are substituted into the equilibrium constant expression. The equilibrium constant indicates the relative concentrations of the reactants and products when equilibrium is reached. Temperature affects the equilibrium constant. The objectives of this experiment were to prepare and test standard solutions of FeSCN2+ in equilibrium, test a solution of…

Introduction Equilibrium is the concept that in a chemical reaction where both the forward and reverse reactions occur, equilibrium is reached when both reactions are occurring at the same rate, thus once a reaction is at equilibria both the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate. For a given Chemical Equilibrium at a given temperature, keq can be calculated that will be constant no matter the initial values of the reactants and products. For a reaction: the equilibrium…

This report will discuss multiple experiments regarding chemical equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium is when both reactants and products are both equal to each other. If one is not equal to each other, than the direction of shift will move to where equilibrium has been tampered with. Throughout all the labs, we observed that with different chemicals we have different directions of shift. From acids to bases, we see that direction of shift can vary which leads to different conclusions. We…

6. Quantitative determination of rat peroxisome proliferators activators γ (PPAR-γ): Rat PPAR-γ concentration was determined by ELISA; using a commercially available kit, MyBioSource, Inc., California, USA. The kit utilizing a monoclonal anti- PPAR-γ antibody and an PPAR-γ-HRP conjugate enzyme-linked immunosorbent process assay (ELISA) to determine the concentration of PPAR-γ in serum, plasma, urine, cell culture supernatant and tissue homogenates. Principle of the assay: The sample and buffer…

Introduction Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as catalysts. Enzymes are a key part of many biological processes because they are capable of lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction. By lowering the activation energy enzymes are able to speed up reactions allowing for multiple chemical processes to occur at a faster rate in many living organisms. Enzymes work by binding to specific molecules called substrates. The enzyme observed in this experiment was amylase and its…

The purpose of this lab is to solve for the equilibrium constant of a reaction between iron (iii) ions and thiocyanate ions. The lab is divided into two parts: one section recording absorbance of reference solutions and the other part for the absorbance of test solutions. The reference solutions were created through the mixing of excess iron (iii) nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) with a known concentration of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in order to push the reaction to completion; the initial concentration…

In this project the aim is to determine the equilibrium constant (Kc) of a weak base when it reacts with a weak acid. The chemicals I wish to determine the equilibrium constant for are, Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and Propanol (C3H7OH). To accomplish this, the first question we must ask is, “what is an equilibrium constant and how is it determined”? There are 2 different types of equilibrium. The first, and the type we shall be using is known as homogeneous equilibrium which has everything present…

Introduction: In this lab, seven test tubes containing solutions in equilibrium had different stresses added to them to examine the balance in each example. The purpose of the experiment was to indentify the details of shifting in equilibrium reactions and determine how the adding of a stress can affect a reaction. A chemical reaction that is in equilibrium is reversible, where a reactants can create products and products can go back to products. Equilibrium is reached when the rate of a…

Introduction Although, in general, salts are known for their solubility, not all types of salts completely dissociate in water. Some of them partially dissociates and creates a dynamic equilibrium due to the instances when their ions recombine to form the original salts. An example of this is potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6 or KHT). When KHT is placed in water, it partially dissolves and forms K+ and HC4H4O6- ions. This reaction is shown below: KHC_4 H_4 O_6 (s)⇄ K^+ (aq)+HC_4 H_4 O_6^-…

albumin in human blood. It binds different types of drugs for delivery to various parts of the body. One of these drugs is warfarin, a blood anticoagulant. This research project’s focus was on the interaction between BSA and warfarin derivatives; our assumption was that the protein binding site has different affinities for different warfarin derivatives; this was to be determined by comparing the equilibrium constants (Keq) and the Gibbs’ free energies of a number of warfarin derivatives. To…