Chemical synthesis

of this experiment was to perform a synthesis of aspirin/ acetylsalicylic acid from salicylic acid, using a chemical synthesis procedure. The synthesis involved breaking the bond with acetic anhydride, also required heat and a catalyst, phosphoric acid, in order to beak and extract the bond. The solution used water in order to purify the solution in the way of recrystallization. The product was characterized using IR spectroscopy and melting point. The pure aspirin product that was formed in this experiment which had a chemical yield of 54.3% and had a melting point range of 117.8-125.2C. Chemical Synthesis is a process that starts with a simple structure, which then breaks and forms new bonds in order to create a new complex structure.…

In ancient India there was an unknown bacteria inhabiting the fruit of tall baadunga trees. The only animal tall enough to get to it at the time were elephants, but the bacteria caused rapid tooth decay in the elephant species. Ancient scientists were stumped until they accidentally discovered the chemical reaction that would save the elephants from losing all of their teeth. Elephant toothpaste is a great example of the deterioration of oxygen through a chemical reaction that humans can see…

Green Synthesis of Ibuprofen Green Chemistry is a new approach and perspective of chemistry that can improve human lives and maximize efficiency. It is a branch in chemistry that explores and examines techniques to reduce and eliminate hazardous and harmful substances. These harmful substances effect humans and the environment in multiple ways, the twelve principles of Green Chemistry can help minimize them. The twelve principles include prevention of waste, the design of less hazardous…

α-phenylcinnamoyl, naphthaloyl, 3-methoxy-4-phenoxybenzoyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), and tert-butylphenoxyacetyl (t-PAC) groups (Figure 2.1.7) provides greater resistance to depurination than with N6-benzoyl (reviewed in Beaucage and Iyer, 1992). It is believed that in the case of acyl-protected purine nucleosides under acidic conditions, the initial site of protonation is N7, rendering the protonated species more prone to glycosidic cleavage. Naturally, caution should be exercised in…

1) Explain how the Lin et al. used the catFISH technique to determine which neurons are involved in particular behaviors (3 pts) Lin et al. used catFISH (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization) to compare the activation of c-fos expression during two successive episodes of behavior (either the same behavior or different) in the same animal. Through experimentation, researchers discovered that animals killed five minutes after fighting expressed…

A novel solid-phase synthesis methodology of N-substituted-2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine derivatives was developed. The key step in this synthesis strategy is tandem reaction of isothiocyanate terminated resin 2 with o-halo-2-aminopyrazine, affording cyclized 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine resin 4. To increase the diversity of our library, Suzuki coupling reaction was performed at the position C6. Further functionalization of 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine core skeleton with various…

The trope of nostalgic and wistful people looking back on their teen years, the good years, approaches stereotype. Julian Barnes’s The Sense of an Ending, on the surface, appears to employ the same stereotype of a wistful old man experiencing a bout of retrospection for his lost friend and the times he once had. The narrator of Carson McCullers’s “Ballad of the Sad Café” in The Ballad of the Sad Café works with the same forlorn recollection of when the town was more alive. Both narrators use two…

Evolutionary biologists such as Richard Dawkins1 , Paul Meyers2, and Jerry Coyne3, and philosophers of science such as Daniel Dennett4, Micheal Ruse5, and Peter Singer6 have produced differing defences and explanations of Darwinism, its roots, and its various implications within a Neo-Darwinian framework. In many cases, these have been intended for wider consumption beyond academia and have incorporated the promotion of Darwin as a unique historical agent, with Dawkins arguably leading the pack…

Reaction Journal Five: Functionalism This week’s reading was over the beginnings of the radical functionalist movement that was lead by Charles Darwin. Darwin was more concerned with how an organism functioned and adapted to change than the perception, sensations, and the structure of consciousness as his fellow psychologists Wundt and Titchener were. Darwin lived a life of privilege and traveled extensively during his lifetime. During his travels, he observed many animal species and made…

Richard Owen “What a strange man to be envious of a naturalist like myself, immeasurably his inferior!” – Charles Darwin 8th May, 1860. Richard Owen was known for many great achievements and awards in his lifetime. Richard Owen was born on July 20, 1804 in Lancaster, England. Owen was educated at Lancaster Grammar School and was apprenticed in 1820 to a group of Lancaster surgeons said by The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Richard Owen was later admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons of…