Chemical synthesis

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Preparation of Bis-Thiourea Derivatives The mixture of heptanoyl chloride and ammonium thiocynate with 1,4-phenylene diamine appeared as homogeneous solution. White precipitate was formed immediately when the solution was filtered into the beaker containing ice cubes. Then, the precipitate was filtered again and rinsed by ethanol before being dried in the desiccator. The physical data of the synthesized bis-thiourea derivatives are shown in Table 4.1.…

Despite that silicon, iron and phosphate are distinct chemical elements, quartz and iron phosphate demonstrate very similar crystal structure, and this could be achieved through altervalent substitution based on the following equation: 2Si4+ → Fe3+ + P5+ As such, every two silicon ions in quartz is replaced…

The CGS framework retreats to a proposition in 1832 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to base an arrangement of supreme units on the three essential units of length, mass and time. Gauss picked the units of millimeter, milligram and second The centimetre–gram–second arrangement of units (truncated CGS or cgs) is a variation of the metric framework taking into account the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. All CGS…

Kinetic investigation and the Arrhenius plot The degradation of SAC in acidic, basic and oxidative mediums at different HCl (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M, keeping temperature 90 ºC), NaOH (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 M, keeping temperature 40 ºC) and H2O2 (5%, 10% and 15%, keeping temperature 90 ºC) strengths was studied. Also SAC degradation was studied as a function of temperature in acidic (30, 60, 70, 90ºC and room temperature, keeping HCl strength 0.1M), basic (40, 65, 90ºC and room temperature, keeping…

4. 1. Variation of AgNPs/functionalized silica composition The proficiency of AgNPs/ f-silica samples for the adsorptive elimination of IC from aqueous solutions has been assessed with respect to several synthesis factors. These factors are [Ag], [Nigella seed], and the reflux time. The synthesis conditions, the abbreviation symbol and the IC removal efficiency of each sample are listed in Table 1. 4. 1. 1. Effect of [Ag] The effect of AgNPs/f-silica samples prepared at various AgNO3…

The reaction of soda ash (Na2CO3) with calcium sulfate in water is represented by the following chemical reaction: Na2CO3 + CaSO4 >>> CaCO3 + Na2SO4. Assuming that this reaction is complete and that there is 153 mg/l of CaSO4 initially present, what is the mass of soda ash that must be added to 1 liter of the water? How many grams of CaO are required to be the chemical equivalent of 246 g of Mg(HCO3)2? A complete reaction requires the number of CaSO4 to be equal to the number of moles…

Figure (2.6) shows industrial oxygen sensor. Fig. (2.6) Oxygen sensor [25] This thesis used some kinds of sensors described below: a. pH Sensor “The term pH is derived from a combination of “p” for the word power and “H” for the symbol of the element Hydrogen. Together the meaning is the power of hydrogen. pH used to compare the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution at a given temperature. A pH of (7.00) describes a neutral solution because the activities of hydrogen and hydroxide…

Crystalline and Amorphous Solids  Solids can be divided into two classes: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces, diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp melting points. In contrast, amorphous solids have irregular or curved surfaces, do not give well-resolved x-ray diffraction patterns, and melt over a wide range of temperatures. Crystalline solids, or crystals, have distinctive internal structures…

The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Maggot Movement. Environmental Systems and Societies ---Planning Lab--- Gaurav Iyer Research Question To what extent does the temperature affect the movement of Maggots? Introduction The Experiment aims to analyze the behaviour of the maggots. In this case, behaviour is defined as the way organisms respond to their environment. In the experiment, the orientation of the movement of organisms and gametes in response…

Step 1 - Synthesis A mixture of compressed CO2 and ammonia under 240 bar (g) pressure is reacted to form ammonium carbamate. This is an exothermic reaction, and heat is absorbed by a boiler to produce steam. The first reactor achieves 78% conversion of the carbon dioxide to urea and the liquid is then furthurly purified. Then, the second reactor receives the gas from the first reactor and recycles the solution. Conversion of carbon dioxide to urea is approximately 60% at a pressure of 50 bar…