Chemical equilibrium

With the help of enzymes, or protein catalysts, the efficiency of these chemical reactions becomes much greater having less of an effect on the cells they occur in. Enzymes help to increase the overall rate of these reactions by lowering the energy needed to activate this process during the transitional phase. They can do this without being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction, as well as not disrupting the equilibrium between the reaction’s reactants and products. These internal…

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), universally referred to as lime water or slaked lime is formed by reacting hydrated lime (calcium oxide, CaO) with water (H2O)[1] CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⇌ Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔHr = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO) Calcium hydroxide is an economically favorable alkaline reagent to neutralize acid as it yields 2 moles of (OH)2 for every 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 (which is slightly soluble in water) when compared to sodium hydroxide [1] and it may separate from the solution ‘constant agitation must…

A covalent chemical bond is a link that contains electrons which are shared between two atoms. 9. A polar bond is where the electrons forming the bond are not distributed equally between the two atoms of the bond. A nonpolar bond shares a pair of electrons with each…

carbon have? _______ neutrons? _______ 5. What are isotopes? Use carbon as an example. 6. Explain radioactive isotopes and one medical application that uses them. 7. Which is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is potential…

Synthesis of reactive iron Chemical reduction method of Ferric chloride by sodium borohydride following reaction (Eq.1), was used to synthesize ZVI [14]. 〖2FeCl〗_3+〖6NaBH〗_4+〖18H〗_2 O→〖2Fe〗^0+〖21H〗_2+〖6B(OH)〗_3+6NaCl (1) Ferric chloride hexahydrate solution was prepared by dissolving 5 g of FeCl_3.H_2 O (99.0%, Junsei Chemical Co., Japan) in 125 mL of deoxygenated deionized (DI) water. Moreover, 3.5 g of Sodium borohydride (NaBH_4, 98.0%, Sigma–Aldrich Inc., USA) were dissolved in 125 mL…

The goal of this experiment was to determine the Michaelis constant (Km) and also the maximal velocity (Vmax) and the inhibition of alkaline phosphate. In order to accomplish these goals, 5 samples were used. Each sample contained different volumes of 0.2 m MPNPP (p-nitrophenylphosphate) and 0.2 M Tris-Hcl at a pH of 8.0. To each sample 0.2 mL of the enzyme studied (Alkaline Phosphatase) were added upon insertion on the spectrophotometer apparatus. With intervals of 20 seconds their absorbance…

1.0) The Ellingham Diagram 1.1) Introduction The Gibbs free energy (∆G) of a reaction is defined as the measure of the thermodynamic force that drives a reaction to occur. When ∆G is positive, it indicates that a reaction will not occur spontaneously while when ∆G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous. The Gibbs free energy equation is given by : ∆G = ∆H –T∆S ∆H refers to the enthalpy and is a measure of the actual energy that is released when the reaction occurs. A negative…

number of hydrogen atoms Hmi : Number of hydrogen atoms for component ( i ) CnHm : The average chemical formula So the average chemical formula has been determined as in the above equations according to the percentages of each components for Iraqi light naphtha which have been set in the table (3.3), [33], and it is found C5.774H12.85 . The LPG fuel made up of several different gases, so it’s chemical formula can be determined in a similar way as naphtha, by using…

3.7. Equilibrium isotherms Langmuir isotherm proposed by Langmuir, (1918) with some limitations Dąbrowski, (2001) expressed as: (4) Where qm (mg g–1) is the maximum amount of the metal ion per unit weight of adsorbent, ‘qe’ is equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg g–1), ‘Ce’ is the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate (mg L–1), and b is a constant which reveals the affinity of binding sites (L mg-1). From the plots between (Ce/qe ) and Ce the slope (1/qm ) and the intercept…

Usually, this state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction. Chemical reactions vary greatly in the speed at which they occur. Some are essentially instantaneous, while others may take a very long time to reach equilibrium. The reaction is presented by The time in the reaction when the mixture remains colourless is the clock period. This will depend upon the initial concentrations of the sodium bisulphite ions (NaHSO3) and the potassium iodate ions…