1. What is the hypothesis/aim/research question of the research paper?
Hypothesis: The medication used to treat erectile dysfunction, sildenafil, (inhibitor of the PED5 enzyme which breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate and prevents an erection) is linked to an increased risk of melanoma cell growth.
Aim: The aim of the study conducted was to analyse how components of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate causes a signalling pathway in which it activates a protein that attaches it self to a hormone receptor and brings about a change in the body) are created and its functional role in mice and human melanoma cells.
Research question: The research question that was composed for the study was whether a pharmaceutical inhibitor of PDE5 (PDE5 …show more content…
The aim of this experiment was to determine whether if the inhibitor of the PDE5, the pharmaceutical drug used to treat erectile dysfunction, would enhance the levels of cGMP and lead to cancer growth. The association between cGMP and cancer growth currently has been unknown but is thought to be dependent upon the cancer type. The research was originally conducted using mice cells to explore the signally pathway of cGMP in specific melanoma cells. They also studied the effects of drugs and physical arousal on the cGMP signally pathway, the protein (mitrogen-activated protein kinase) that is hyperactive among melanoma cells and the overall growth and migration of these cells. Mice were injected with the sildenafil to examine how it affected the growth of the tumour cells. This experiment was replicated using human cells, (this was important to determine whether or not cGMP signalling had the same effect on humans) therefore the replicated study was the stimulation of cGMP in promotion of melanoma …show more content…
These levels of cGMP were collected as there was either an overproduction of cGKIa (a protein in the cGMP pathway) or due to the effects of the injected drug sildenafil (cGMP wasn’t being broken down by the naturally found protein PED5 as it was inhibited). This data was found in mice through vivo or vitro conditions. After the evaluation in mice cells, another study was conducted using a human cells model. The first results found was that not all melanoma cells within the human body contained the cGMP expression, but the cells that do contain cGMP express the signalling pathway. Overall the research suggests that the cGMP signalling pathway in both mice and human cells promotes melanoma growth in both vitro conditions. Which therefore suggests that sildenafil increases tumour growth and the possibility for them to metastasize. Although this may not be the fact for every human melanoma cell as they are all universal. The data suggests that the pharmaceuticals used for erectile dysfunction such as sildenafil raises some concerns as to whether they should be
Hypothesis: The medication used to treat erectile dysfunction, sildenafil, (inhibitor of the PED5 enzyme which breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate and prevents an erection) is linked to an increased risk of melanoma cell growth.
Aim: The aim of the study conducted was to analyse how components of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate causes a signalling pathway in which it activates a protein that attaches it self to a hormone receptor and brings about a change in the body) are created and its functional role in mice and human melanoma cells.
Research question: The research question that was composed for the study was whether a pharmaceutical inhibitor of PDE5 (PDE5 …show more content…
The aim of this experiment was to determine whether if the inhibitor of the PDE5, the pharmaceutical drug used to treat erectile dysfunction, would enhance the levels of cGMP and lead to cancer growth. The association between cGMP and cancer growth currently has been unknown but is thought to be dependent upon the cancer type. The research was originally conducted using mice cells to explore the signally pathway of cGMP in specific melanoma cells. They also studied the effects of drugs and physical arousal on the cGMP signally pathway, the protein (mitrogen-activated protein kinase) that is hyperactive among melanoma cells and the overall growth and migration of these cells. Mice were injected with the sildenafil to examine how it affected the growth of the tumour cells. This experiment was replicated using human cells, (this was important to determine whether or not cGMP signalling had the same effect on humans) therefore the replicated study was the stimulation of cGMP in promotion of melanoma …show more content…
These levels of cGMP were collected as there was either an overproduction of cGKIa (a protein in the cGMP pathway) or due to the effects of the injected drug sildenafil (cGMP wasn’t being broken down by the naturally found protein PED5 as it was inhibited). This data was found in mice through vivo or vitro conditions. After the evaluation in mice cells, another study was conducted using a human cells model. The first results found was that not all melanoma cells within the human body contained the cGMP expression, but the cells that do contain cGMP express the signalling pathway. Overall the research suggests that the cGMP signalling pathway in both mice and human cells promotes melanoma growth in both vitro conditions. Which therefore suggests that sildenafil increases tumour growth and the possibility for them to metastasize. Although this may not be the fact for every human melanoma cell as they are all universal. The data suggests that the pharmaceuticals used for erectile dysfunction such as sildenafil raises some concerns as to whether they should be