Protein kinase

4. Discussion ZnO NPs are known to be cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro and in vivo [9; 24-26]. However there is a lack of information where immunomodulatory effects of ZnO NPs are considered. Since, in vitro system cannot mimic the complexity of an in vivo system; hence in vivo is preferred for the toxicological evaluation. In the present study BALB/c mice were chosen as the in vivo model due to their immunocompetence and similarity with human metabolic activity, biochemical and physiological…

This means finding proteins that express affinity and specificity for the respective ligand. According to Ewald (2011) there are three good options, CitX (periplasmic binding protein from Salmonella typhimurium) and the binding domains of DpiB (sensor histidine kinase from E. coli) and CitA (sensor histidine kinase from Klebsiella pneumoniae). We would then purify all three proteins and record fluorescence energy values when bound to citrate for future…

central key in regulation of aromatase (Cyp19a1) expression. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA) but not protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation of beta-catenin results in regulation of FSH target genes. A study conducted by our lab shown that WNT3A down regulate steroidogenesis, and recently another study confirmed that AKT is required in steroidogenesis.…

short distance could be found in muscle cells and a long distance can be describe as the releasing of an egg in the ovaries. Cells have protein receptors which will bind to protein signaling molecules triggering a respond in the molecules. Different receptors are specific for different molecules and within membrane receptors there are 3 major classes of them: G-protein, ion channel and enzyme linked receptors (Cell Signaling Nature Education) which make an external signal into an internal signal…

Ras proteins are small GTPase which cycle between inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound forms & are critical for cell proliferation, Survival & differentiation. Ras can activate downstream effectors including PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK…

I-Kappa-B-alpha which is often abbreviated IkBa is a protein whose role is to mask the nuclear localization signals to inhibit the NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa beta) proteins by keeping them in inactive states and isolating them in the cytoplasm, this inhibits the NF-kB transcription factors and blocks the NF-kB transcription factors from binding with DNA. NF-kB is a protein complex that is responsible for controlling cytokine production, transcription of DNA, cell survival, and plays a key role…

The mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK, pathway is a chain of proteins in the cell that relays an extracellular signal from the Ras protein to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. This pathway consists of multiple phosphorylations as MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates MAPKK which then phosphorylates and activates MAPK. At the end of this cascade, MAPK phosphorylates various effector proteins (Alberts, 557). This signaling pathway plays an important role in cells as it results in complex…

to Increasing the cases of ZIKV in the world. This project sheds light on the mystery novel that allows ZIKV invasion and infection the host cells. A penetration process of ZIKA virus occurs by binding with Gas6 protein or (Growth arrest-specific 6) that leads to activate the Axl protein and release a downstream cascade of signaling within the cells, moreover, Axl signaling plays a significant role in protecting the human cell from stranger guests through a marvelous process called fluid-phase…

Parkin is usually overexpressed in response to unfolded protein stress and shown to alleviate ER stress by protecting the cell from apoptosis via its E3 activity (Imai, Soda, & Takahashi, 2000). Parkin mediates the formation of a lysine-48 polyubiquitin chain linked to the target protein, which functions as a signal for degradation by the proteasome thus it maintains the turnover of misfolded and short-lived intracellular proteins (Chew et al., 2011).The ubiquitin-ligase Park2, once it is…

At the endosomes, kinases and phosphatases produces and hydrolyses specific phosphoinositides which identify endocytic membranes and allow them to recruit proteins from the cytosol that are involved in vesicle trafficking and other aspects of cellular homeostasis. Lipid mediators of signaling and recognition processes work through specific protein–lipid interactions, the levels of these signaling molecules are extremely small compared…