Protein kinase

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins, which play an important role in the innate immune system. They are usually single, they usually span the entire membrane and are expressed on sentinel cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. When the microbe breaches the physical barriers of the body like skin or intestinal mucosa, the TLRs recognize them and initiate an immune response. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2,…

Once the groups which already existed on the Phosphate atom have been separated, the two enzymes in the human body, Nucleotidyl and nucleoside diphosphate kinases, will add phosphatic groups to the molecule. The molecule becomes effective for the treatment of Hepatitis C virus only when Sofosbuvir as a prodrug is converted to Sofosbuvir as a drug. The drug needs to enter the Hepatitis C virus by disrupting…

When there are genetic mutations that affect the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the outcome. CF was recently linked to CFTR defects, which is a major gene, found on the seventh chromosome. Cystic Fibrosis is not only the most common disease among those of Caucasian decent, but it also happens to be the most deadly inherited disease that affects more often Caucasian Americans. In the United States one in twenty among Caucasians are…

The protein that adds a phosphate group to another protein is called a kinase, and this process is called phosphorylation. • Furthermore, a kinase (PI3K), a very important compartment in this cascade of reactions, is involved in the transmission of the signal, as the signal is now related to the high level of blood glucose, and is transmitted from the outside to the inside of the cell. • PI3K passes the signal further, and attracts the protein AKT, which is phosphorylated by the proteins mTOR…

patients (1). Many pathways that involved in DN have been postulated such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress (OS) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) (2-4) (Table 1). The up-regulation of the receptors for AGE (RAGE) has been implicated as a major mediator in the development and progression of DN. Renal fibrosis characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix protein results in CKD including DN. It was found that transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) signaling pathway plays a key role…

Discussed in Chapter 17 is the cell cycle. The cell cycle is when the cell is replicated and divided. The cell cycle functions comparable to set of sequences in a control system. This control system behaves like switches with many backup processes and qualities allowing the cell cycle to operate effectively and efficiently. During the cell cycle, four stages occur known as G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, & M phase. The G1 phase is where the cell is assigned to enter the process for chromosome…

muscular dystrophies (LGMD) is a general term used to describe a diverse cluster of neuromuscular disorders and they are usually being inherited. They are caused by mutations of certain genes which results in respective defective proteins being generated. These defective proteins are usually involved in the direct or indirect stabilizing of the membrane of the muscle. This disorder involves symptoms like primary or secondary weakening of limb and axial muscles, muscle wasting and joint…

Other viruses require a specific lipid composition such as lipid rafts that are rich in cholesterol and take advantage of the clustering of receptors there.1 Attachment to the lipid membrane is advantageous to the virus as endocytosis uses (PI)-3 kinase…

modification and secretory expression like in higher eukaryotes. An increasing number of yeast strains are available for protein expression that are said to increase the yield of the protein, improves the affinity tagging of the proteins, reduces protein breakdown, allows the addition of non-native amino acids (Selenomethionine) into the protein and defines the composition of N-glycan in the protein produced. Following are the existing genera of yeast…

There are many death receptors that promote a cell to undergo necrosis. One key player in the result of necrotic cell death is Receptor Interacting Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase 1 (RIP1) and Receptor Interacting Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase 3 (RIP3) which when combined they make a necrosome. (Jog) Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 1 - associated Death Domain (TRADD) is required for the recruitment of RIP1 and RIP3 to TNFR1. RIP1 activates Tumor…