Cell signaling

CELL SIGNALING AND CELL TRANSDUCTION INTRODUCTION: In this lecture, we will study about cell signaling and signal transduction. Each cell in a multicellular animal is bombarded with chemical signals that are made by other cells and this is how communication occurs at cells level by different signaling molecule. Signals that regulate cell metabolism, alter or maintain its differentiated state, determine whether it should divide, and dictate whether it will live or die. The word “signals” in this context refers to nothing more than chemical molecules that are floating around the cells. In general, these signals bind to cell-surface receptors that activate several intracellular signaling pathways, so that the intracellular signals generated from different receptors will interact with one another in complex ways. Cell signaling affects virtually every aspect of cell structure and function. Cell signaling is also intimately involved in the regulation of cell growth and division. This makes the study of cell signaling crucially important for understanding how a cell can lose the ability to control cell division and develop into a malignant tumor. The signal transduction is used to refer to a broad area of cellular biology research involving topics such as the chemical…

The Controversy behind Endocrine Disruptors Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can cause an individual’s endocrine, neurological or immune system to not function properly. Many chemicals have been deemed endocrine disruptors but are still used heavily today. They can be seen in things such as, plastics, cosmetics and pesticides among other products. Whether or not the benefits that using certain compounds affords us is worth the damage they can potentially cause is the basis for the…

Practical Title: The pros and cons of cell signalling experiments: risk assessments Aims: The aim of this experiment was to identify the risks associated with working in a laboratory by carrying out a risk assessment. The risk assessment instructed us how to safely work in a laboratory while being aware of these risks and what procedures to carry out if an accident happened in the laboratory. Methodology: Prior to the beginning of the risk assessment, laboratory coats, nitrile rubber gloves…

The Effects of Cystic Fibrosis on Cell Signaling Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive genetic condition that causes the mutation of the CFTR gene, which contains instructions for making CFTR proteins. CFTR proteins regulate the transport of chloride in and out of cells; if the proteins don’t work properly, the cells are left with a high salt concentration and take up liquid from mucus in attempts to reach equilibrium.The disease most commonly affects the respiratory and digestive systems. In…

Cell to Cell Communication Two or multiple cells who are in a close radius have the capability to communicate with each other through the plasma membrane. Cells send signals through steps of signal transduction pathway. Cells communicate through chemical messages long distance and in a short radius. Different Types of Signaling In long distance and short distance signaling there are many different types of signaling used for communication between cells. The local communication is done through…

multifunctional protein, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) acts on many critical roles in the cell life cycle, including cell differentiation, proliferation and cell-cell contact (Ozwan et al., 1989), CTNNB1 plays a central role in canonical WNT signaling pathway to success the gene transcription process (Clevers and Nusse., 2012). Regulation and degradation of CTNNB1 take place at the cellular level through phosphorylation of serine and/or threonine amino acid residues. Specific kinase proteins…

hedgehog family of signaling molecules. The Sonic hedgehog signaling cascade is an integral trafficking system that influences the pattering and growth processes involved in the development of multicellular organisms. Shh is particularly important in the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube which will be examined in detail in this essay. The mechanisms of this pathway, the impact of Shh on cell fate and the genetic regulation events that occur as a result will be explored. . . . . . . . . . .…

Paracrine Signaling Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These types of signals usually elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. In order to keep the response localized, paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells. Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal,…

creates low pH in the stomach that denatures proteins thus peptide bonds get exposed and vulnerable to pepsin. Proteins are cut up into smaller polypeptides by pepsin. The gastric juice does not destroy the stomach cells because they are activated only when they reach the lumen. HCL composes of hydrogen and chloride ions that are secreted by parietal cells. Pepsin is released by chief cells in the inactive form, pepsinogen. It is the HCL that catalyzes the chain of events of making pepsin…

The mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK, pathway is a chain of proteins in the cell that relays an extracellular signal from the Ras protein to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. This pathway consists of multiple phosphorylations as MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates MAPKK which then phosphorylates and activates MAPK. At the end of this cascade, MAPK phosphorylates various effector proteins (Alberts, 557). This signaling pathway plays an important role in cells as it results in complex…