Protein kinase

Insulin Receptor Introduction Insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor, an important member to a large family of tyrosine kinase receptor proteins. Endogenous ligands such as insulin, IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1) and IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2) bind to this receptor to carry out major physiological and metabolic functions. INSR (Insulin Receptor) gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed in our body to form a functional heterotetrameric insulin…

(ETR1, ERS1, ETR2, ERS2, and EIN4), that fall into two subfamilies depending on functional kinase activity, and a subset of the receptors contains a receiver domain which promotes interaction with CTR15, 6. Interestingly, the receiver domain of ethylene receptors has a remarkable structural similarity with the Ras protein in mammalian. The Ras is a small GTP-binding protein and is a critical regulator of RAF kinase function7. In the absence of ethylene, the receptors have inverse agonistic roles…

JNK is one of the three branches of MAPK superfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Other members of this superfamily are p38 kinases and the ERKs (Kyriakis and Avruch, 2012). In mammals, there are 3 JNK genes: Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3 on 3 different chromosomes, and each mammalian JNK gene has alternative splicing forms (Derijard et al., 1994). JNK is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The JNK pathway plays a major role in apoptosis. JNK pathway is required for…

receptor. Both of these are members of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) class II. The primary and unique effects of the hormone take place through IGF1R, which, when activated, triggers a chemical sequence called the AKT pathway. This process, revolving around a protein called AKT, has significant effects on the life and death of the cell. iii. A chemical resemblance to insulin also allows IGF-1 to active the insulin receptor. This protein triggers a process that ultimately causes a cell to take…

receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are activated by catecholamines in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (1-AR) are systematic vasoconstrictors: their activation constricts blood vessels by the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. These transmembrane receptors are activated by the binding of epinephrine or norepinephrine, which creates intracellular signals via activation of the G-protein. The G-protein itself is a…

Smad proteins in the resting state realize passive nucleo cytoplasmic shuttling, that is controlled by two opposing signals: the nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the MH1 domain and the nuclear export signal (NES) in the MH2 domain. Then they interact with DNA binding proteins or directly regulate transcriptional activity, either as monomers or in association with Smad4 (Carreira et al.,…

Project Summary Hypothesis Statement: The Atypical Protein Kinase C Zeta (PKMz) is the molecular mechanism underlying Long Term Potentiation (LTP) maintenance at the synaptic membrane. Furthermore, this process is regulated at the level of translation of a locally available pool of PKMz mRNA, and can be sustained in part by active PKMz itself, or inhibited via an activity-dependent translation block. Significance: If the effects of a true PKMz conditional knockout result in memory impairments…

are protein molecules that receive chemical signals in the form of ligands and induce responses at cellular level. They are localized at the cell surface, cytoplasm or the nucleus, depending on their amino acid sequences. In addition to using these three different localizations to categorize receptors, the types of action of receptors are also used as a mean of classification. The four main classifications of receptors are: 1. Ionotropic (or ligand-gated ion channel) receptors, 2. G-protein…

In order to understand the hypothesis, first we must understand what is amyloid-beta, and how it is synthesized. Amyloid-beta is a peptide cleaved from the amyloid-beta precursor protein, which is a larger integral membrane protein found concentrated in neuronal synapsis (Masters et al., 1985;Glenner & Wong, 1984). An existing mutation in APP would lead to an increased cleavage and to a different availability of its sub products, hence increasing the amount of amyloid-beta being synthesized. A…

multifunctional protein, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) acts on many critical roles in the cell life cycle, including cell differentiation, proliferation and cell-cell contact (Ozwan et al., 1989), CTNNB1 plays a central role in canonical WNT signaling pathway to success the gene transcription process (Clevers and Nusse., 2012). Regulation and degradation of CTNNB1 take place at the cellular level through phosphorylation of serine and/or threonine amino acid residues. Specific kinase proteins…