Antigen

systems works with all of the body systems to help maintain homeostasis starting with nonspecific defenses such as skin where that acts as a barrier to incoming pathogens. Antigens and pathogens that pass through that barrier are transported to the lymph nodes and the spleen where filtering and eradication occur where harmful antigens and pathogens are then tagged for destruction. The destruction is performed by immune cells such as phagocytes and…

. One anti-retroviral drug Azidothymidine (AZT) inhibits the action of reverse transcriptase, allowing the virus to have the inability to produce DNA from the host cell’s DNA (Fauci, 2003). Unfortunately, HIV mutates rapidly and incorrectly resulting in resistance to AZT. Protease inhibitors combined with other effective drugs have been more effective in prolonging the lives of infected patients. The inhibitors block the viral enzyme protease, resulting in viral copies that cannot destroy/infect…

incompatible. This condiiont occurs when an Rh-negative woman conceives a baby with an Rh-positive father and the baby inherits the Rh-positive blood type from the father. Rh-positive means that the protein (D antigen) can be found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). If the D antigen is not present, then an individual is considered to be Rh-negative If the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive during pregnancy (mainly during the process of labor and delivery) it is possible…

Over 80 years after the1918 flu virus disappeared, epidemiologists still did not understand exactly why it was so devastating. After working with tissue samples from the autopsies of flu victims and the infected lung tissue of an Alaskan woman whose body had been preserved in Arctic permafrost, researchers at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were able to recreate an extinct virus. Then, in October of 2005, they announced that they had…

immune system that play a role in the inflammation. Both of the cells belong to the immune cell’s family called lymphocytes. In human body, lymphocytes help to fight infection. Antigens are foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses that stimulate the immune systems to produced autoantibodies. When a T cell recognized antigens in body, it will produce cytokines that will cause B cells to multiply in number and release protein called antibodies. This antibodies will travel and circulate…

A nucleic acid is a polymer that is made up of smaller units called nucleotides. These nucleotides play a significant role in creating important structures found in our body such as deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly referred to as DNA, and ribonucleic acid or RNA. (Erster, Lecture 4 Chapter 5) Ribonucleic acid is then categorized into two types of RNA: mRNA and tRNA (there are other types but the ones mainly discussed in protein synthesis only involved these two). The DNA and RNA are partners…

erythematosus (Clark, 180). However, these are still only a handful of autoimmune diseases present. Autoimmune diseases, though many, have a few things in common. The first is the immune systems inability to recognized self and therefore attack bodily antigens. The second is the compromised immune systems affect on other systems causing even organ specific diseases to create widespread symptoms throughout the body. And lastly, autoimmune diseases are often difficult to treat and have no cure.…

protection of the immune system from foreign invaders that may cause harm to the body. It also plays a significant role in the development of allergies in which invading substances foreign to the body are identified as allergens, also referred to as antigens, and induce an inflammatory response in either a primary or secondary immune response. Secondary immune responses to allergens directly correlate to the more severe systemic reactions, however initial primary responses are necessary to…

view vaccines, not only as positive, but also as a necessity for one’s health. For the simplicity of the matter, a vaccine is a weakened form of microorganisms. They are killed forms or chemicals produced by the microorganism that act as antigens. The antigens cause the body to form antibodies, so as to build an immunity to…

IV. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus A. Mode of Pathogenicity Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal bacterium and a versatile pathogen. It is commensal because it can harmlessly colonize in the nares, axillae, vagina, pharynx, or damaged skin surfaces (Jenkins et al. 2015). Commensal bacteria supports the superficial layer of our body from pathogenic bacteria. For instances, S. aureus produces bacteriocins (toxins created by bacteria) that impedes pathogenic staphylococcal organism…