Antigen

of autoantibodies associated with lupus increases, although their provenance and role in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. The autoimmune response in SLE can target many cells and tissues; the antigens for this response are components of the cell nucleus. The antibodies seen against these antigens are called antinuclear antibodies. One of the factors that may contribute to autoimmune reactions is abnormality in apoptosis, the process where cells that are no longer needed or are a threat to…

The human body is protected against infections by the immune system. The disease occurs when the normal function of tissue is impaired. Health organizations have for a long time tried to understand all causal agents of diseases as fight strategies against these agents including understanding surviving strategies, their cycle, and multiplicity once they infect a human being. This has facilitated discovery of therapeutic drugs for various diseases (Klepac et al., 2013). Vaccination against…

activated macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the central nervous system. Very-late antigen formed on surfaces of most immune system, binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule expressed on endothelial cells is important in the attachment and movement of activated macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the blood to the central nervous system. Also, the binding of Natalizumab antibody to VLA-4 (very- late antigen) which consist of a4 (CD49D) and b1 chain (CD29) helps in…

Method, process or approach This study has been approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The clinical and survival data of the study population (130 pancreatic cancer patients) was identified from a database that is prospectively maintained by the Department of Surgical Oncology at MD Anderson Cancer Center. A waiver of consent was granted for the use of their specimen information for research. To identify new molecular markers for…

of techniques. Primarily spirochetes are able to modify their own antigens directly making it difficult for the immune system to strike against them (FAR Institute, 2016). Another process of which they are able to hide is by altering their genome. When changes are done to the genome it also adjusts the outer capsule of the antigen, yet again hiding the bacteria. Not only hiding from the immune system, but by releasing the antigens it causes our immunological system to damage our own healthy…

Essay 1: An important discovery/concept in microbiology The world of microbiology is a vast one. In theory, microbiology is the study of single celled micro organisms and viruses, that work independently of each other. These microbial cells are the backbone and fundamental unit of life. Most of the biomass present on earth today is microbial, with almost 5.3x10^30 cells present, mostly in terrestrial and oceanic subsurfaces. Within these subsurfaces, many microbial communities exist, with…

Anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department Anaphylaxis is a hypersensitivity reaction and can start immediately after a trigger. Anaphylaxis is common in the emergency department and is considered a medical emergency when symptoms are present. This disorder does not discriminate when it comes to age, gender or race. Reactions commonly occur due to medications, insect stings, aeroallergens and food allergies. This disorder can progress rapidly with multiple reactions throughout the body. Without…

Donor T-cells interact with antigen presenting cells which leads to proliferation, differentiation and cytokines secretion. Cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-gamma boost T cell expansion, generate cytotoxic T cells and NK cells responses to produce TNF-alpha and IL-1. This cytokines encourage…

In this research paper, the functional relationship between protein named Albert and Alice will be prove using two advance techniques. Most of the molecular processes within the cell are carried out by protein-protein interaction (PPI), diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease can caused by abnormal PPI. As prior knowledge has advocate that this two proteins may have similar cellular pathway, therefore understanding if they have PPI becomes vital. There will be two methods described in this…

In order to determine the sequence of events that occurred at a crime scene it is important to be able to determine and identify certain bodily fluids versus non-human substances. Based on the location of the biological evidence and its DNA can provide crucial information about the crime scene, its victim, and the suspect(s). These tests divided between presumptive and confirmatory testing. Blood evidence is the most common type bodily fluid found at a crime scene. Presumptive testing at the…