Antigen

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background and Significance Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder that is present at birth and is often more prevalent amongst African Americans.1 In order to inherit SCD, a person must inherit two abnormal hemoglobin genes, one from each parent. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for absorbing oxygen in the lungs and transporting it throughout the body.13 Proteins typically have four levels of structure:…

specific autoantibodies in preclinical and clinical studies, it is still a less explored area of autoimmunity. In this review, we first discuss how the autoimmunity is triggered in TBI and summarize the current self-antigens. We further focus on the TBI-generated brain specific antigens based on animal research and clinical studies as well as the possibility strategy of biofluid-based TBI diagnosis. Last we also discuss the characteristics of these autoantibodies post…

Functions of protein TP53 TP53 has a general name called tumor suppressor protein p53. Tp53 has many names such as phosphoprotein p53, cellular tumor antigen p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53). Also, TP53 has also been referred to as the guardian of the genome [19]. In 1979, scientists first observed the gene by using SDS-PAGE and found it has a size of about 53-kilodalton (kDa). The location of the TP53 gene is at chromosome 17, at…

Summary Hepatitis B Cause Article (11) Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus that is spread through sexual contact or perinatal transmission (11). Adults with hepatitis b usually have it for a short time and then gets better, this is called acute hepatitis b (11). The virus can cause a long-term effect on individuals, called chronic hepatitis b (11). Having sex with an infected individual without the use of condoms is one way of being infected with hepatitis b, sharing needles with…

Is Homosexuality biologically based? This is a question that is gaining major interest and research as the number of homosexuals is increasing. Homosexuals are defined as either males who are sexual oriented toward other males or females being sexually oriented toward other females; sexual orientation being defined as “a preference for [either] same-sex [or] opposite sex sexual attraction and attachment”, this may or may not involve intercourse (Rahman & Wilson, 2003). Researchers are on the…

Diseases that can become prevalent and run rampant affect populations, therefore it must be monitored closely. Two examples of public health information systems tailored to combat an epidemic are CDC’s HIV/AIDS reporting system and Immunization Information systems (ISS). The CDC’s National HIV Surveillance System is the major source that monitors HIV trends in the United States (CDC.gov, n.d.a). Also, the CDC finances and aids state and local health departments to gather the information. Thus,…

cupidity, advancement in technology had enabled researches to calculate “antigen T-cells reproducibly.” Overcoming the fact that immune system has evolved to avoid reacting against self-antigens, it remains as a major challenge in the development of cancer vaccines. There are different kinds of cancer vaccines. One of them is Allogeneic Vaccines. This vaccine produce an immune response against the melanoma differentiation antigens. Another type of allogeneic vaccines is Melacine which is made…

ETIC, EHEC, and EAggEC. EHEC is the most common, and has symptoms easily distinguishable from the others. The antigenic types of E. coli are based on 3 antigens; O, H and K. These antigens are proteins our body distinguishes as foreign, and our body’s immune response responds to rid of the foreign bodies. E. coli O157:H7 is named according to the antigen markers found on the bacteria’s cell surface. An E. coli O157:H7 infection can lead to a severe life threatening complication called hemolytic…

I try to avoid issues and situations that result in an argument. However, I’ve learned the importance of supporting my claims and strengthening my beliefs by providing evidence supported by creditable sources and confirming it with multiple sources. I know the issue about vaccinations is a very touchy subject. I’ve learned that by experience. However, my beliefs are built off of the foundation through my findings in my research that addresses the cause of more and more people refusing to become…

shared by different pathogens is due to the presence of immune receptors in cell known as toll-like receptors (TLRs), that are expressed on the surface of the Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells etc. Upon activation, TLRs recruit adapter proteins within the cytosol of the immune cell to propagate antigen induced signal transduction pathway. The recruited adaptor proteins are responsible for the activation of other like protein kinases etc. which…