Antigen

heme and acquire the ability to recognize multiple antigens. It was originally thought that all antibodies bonded to their individual antigens in a lock and key sort of function. However, several similar studies, such as the experiment performed by Bayry et al, have led to a much different consensus. It has now been determined that many antibody molecules are capable of changing its conformation to allow for its flexible antigen-binding pocket to accommodate several different antigens to interact with the antibody. The following process is a basic process of how the body works to rid the body of foreign antigens. Whether the antibody…

The immune system is a host defense mechanism that involves a complex collection of molecules, cells, and tissue. The primary function of the immune system is responsible for recognizing and differentiating between harmful and none harmful microbes in the human body. When a human is resistant to a certain disease, that human is known to be immune. The term used to describe an immune individual is referred to as immunity. The primary function of immunity is to become resistant to certain…

The structures, antigen binding, and abilities to activate complement are important aspects to understand different drugs relating to autoimmune diseases. Each of the four drugs, infliximab, Adalimumab, Etanercept, and Certilizumab, have different antibody structures, leading to differences in function and binding abilities. The drug infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, containing 25% mouse-derived and 75% human-derived amino acids. The drug Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal…

despite its massive potential and widespread usage. FMT is a personalized procedure where stool is collected from a donor, processed and placed in a patient to replace the beneficial bacteria that have either been killed or suppressed. This is currently effective in the treatment of dysbiosis caused by Clostridium difficile. FMT have been shown to have 90% efficacy with the first round of treatment. Compare this to the 84% efficacy of first-round treatment of C. difficile through antibiotic…

Consequences of Antigen-antibody Binding:- Interaction of antigen and antibody is a bimolecular association and it never lead to an irreversible chemical modification in either the antibody or antigen. The association between antigen and antibody includes various non-covalent interactions between the antigenic determining factor (epitope) of the antigen and the…

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death amongst men in the United States. One in six men is estimated to be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point in their lives. Similar trends are found worldwide to mirror those of the United States. However, the progression of prostate cancer is typically slow and does not metastasize all that often. Due to this, treatments can typically be life saving and prostate cancer deaths have declined ~35% from 1997 to 2007. This can…

In life, we will sooner or later be thrown a curveball. Some of us will miss by a mile, some of us will miss just barely, and some of us will get a hit. There is one commonality: unexpected circumstances remind us to expect the unexpected out of life. Typically, a rising PSA is the first sign, coming well before any clinical signs or symptoms. In my mind, however, undergoing a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) check was about as bad as anything I could imagine. That PSA anxiety hammers away at…

who believe they may have diabetes an oral glucose tolerance test that provides a map to help find any abnormalities (Warning signs of type 1 diabetes). The genes involved with type 1 diabetes are located on two chromosome regions: one is the MHCHLA on chromosome 6p21 also known as IDDM1, and on the insulin gene region on chromosome 11p5 known as IDDM2 (Davies et al. 1994) (Dean, McEntyre 2004). These genes that are associated with type 1 diabetes are genetically heterogenous, but different…

Oral tolerance is the property of certain antigens which, when ingested via the oral route suppresses the immune system and induces tolerance. This property can be used to explain how peptides and other molecules from the food we eat are easily digested and absorbed without eliciting an immune response. This property has been exploited by scientists wherein particular amounts of antigens when administered through the oral route lead to its tolerance by the immune system and thus help in…

the most probable antibody present in the patient’s sample. Reagent screening cells 2 and 3 were not reactive at immediate spin, 37°C, or in the AHG phase. The screen ruled out antibodies to D, c, E, e, k, Kpb, Jsb, Fyb, Jka, Jkb, Lea, Leb, P1, M, N, S, s, Lub, and Xg*a antigens. In all positive screening cells, reactions occurred at immediate spin, 37°C, and AHG phases; however, screening cells with positive reactions did not react with same strength. The panel ruled out antigens V*, Cw, K,…