Human leukocyte antigen

Celiac disease and type 1 diabetes are autoimmune disorders within the human body. An autoimmune disorder is a condition where the antibodies of the immune system attack the healthy cells and tissues. Since they’re both autoimmune disorders, the possibility of them being related genetically increases due to same genes to trigger the immune response. Scientist are investigating the possibility of these two disorders having a genetic similarity, causing individuals who have celiac to be more susceptible to type 1 diabetes and vice versa. Scientist and researchers are using the technique of genotyping to investigate the genetic variations of celiac and type 1 diabetes to determine if genetically they’re related or not. Celiac disease, also…

and the 40% efficacy of antibiotic treatment after multiple relapses. Secondly, personalized culture collections are communities of microbes that can be selected from cultures based on specific criteria. These molded cultures can be inserted into the human microbiome showing promising development in personalized microbiomes. This development is compounded by the ability to freeze and store live bacteria for extended amounts of times, opening an avenue for large-scale commercialized biomes.…

The immune system is a host defense mechanism that involves a complex collection of molecules, cells, and tissue. The primary function of the immune system is responsible for recognizing and differentiating between harmful and none harmful microbes in the human body. When a human is resistant to a certain disease, that human is known to be immune. The term used to describe an immune individual is referred to as immunity. The primary function of immunity is to become resistant to certain…

heme and acquire the ability to recognize multiple antigens. It was originally thought that all antibodies bonded to their individual antigens in a lock and key sort of function. However, several similar studies, such as the experiment performed by Bayry et al, have led to a much different consensus. It has now been determined that many antibody molecules are capable of changing its conformation to allow for its flexible antigen-binding pocket to accommodate several different antigens to…

The structures, antigen binding, and abilities to activate complement are important aspects to understand different drugs relating to autoimmune diseases. Each of the four drugs, infliximab, Adalimumab, Etanercept, and Certilizumab, have different antibody structures, leading to differences in function and binding abilities. The drug infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, containing 25% mouse-derived and 75% human-derived amino acids. The drug Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal…

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death amongst men in the United States. One in six men is estimated to be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point in their lives. Similar trends are found worldwide to mirror those of the United States. However, the progression of prostate cancer is typically slow and does not metastasize all that often. Due to this, treatments can typically be life saving and prostate cancer deaths have declined ~35% from 1997 to 2007. This can…

In life, we will sooner or later be thrown a curveball. Some of us will miss by a mile, some of us will miss just barely, and some of us will get a hit. There is one commonality: unexpected circumstances remind us to expect the unexpected out of life. Typically, a rising PSA is the first sign, coming well before any clinical signs or symptoms. In my mind, however, undergoing a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) check was about as bad as anything I could imagine. That PSA anxiety hammers away at…

There are many challenges to successful organ transplants, including matching a recipient and a donor based on matching genetic variability. It is extremely difficult to match MHC perfectly with a donor and a recipient as there are many locations where genetic differences can still cause a rejection reaction by the recipient. A familial donor is usually the closest to a perfect genetic MHC match that a recipient can find. The closer the match of genetic variability, the better the chances that…

actually begins is a very tricky subject matter. Now technically, the embryonic stem cells do show signs of life, as they can divide or reproduce themselves, they grow, and have some responsiveness to the environment. However, while still in the stem cell state, they are not yet human beings. Human beings have certain characteristics, even in the fetal state. The biggest factor that separates human beings from fish, primates, or any other species is the way in which our brain works. Human beings…

Vertebrate Histology (BIOLOGY 364) Fall 2015 Lecture Final (Take-home) A. Pick 3 of the following and argue that the following are either “adaptive” or necessary for survival, homeostasis, and/or reproduction: 1. Adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubules • The adluminal compartment is made up of spermatocytes, spermatozoa and spermatids. The compartment is considered a tight-junction. This tight-junction is said to be a blood-testicle-barrier. This means the…