The immune system is a host defense mechanism that involves a complex collection of molecules, cells, and tissue. The primary function of the immune system is responsible for recognizing and differentiating between harmful and none harmful microbes in the human body. When a human is resistant to a certain disease, that human is known to be immune. The term used to describe an immune individual is referred to as immunity. The primary function of immunity is to become resistant to certain infectious diseases. There are two major immune systems that distinguishes foreign substances. Humoral immunity is a group that consists of antigens that freely circulating in the body. Antigens are foreign substances that include viruses. Humoral immunity involves B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens. Antigens can also stimulate the production of antibodies. Antibodies have the capability of recognizing and destroying pathogens. However, antibodies are rarely ever involved in cell-medicated immunity. Cell-medicated immunity involve T cells and responds to viruses, tumor cells, or transplanted cells. There are also two types of immunities: active and passive acquired immunity. Active acquired immunity is antibodies being produced…
When infection has been detect, macrophages will release several types of cytokines (inflammatory cytokines) in order to recruit other cells to the area of infection. These cytokines can do that by creating an inflammation in the area of infected tissue. 3. Most immune cells are excluded from entering healthy tissues. Why is this (usually) beneficial for an organism? Many immune cells are excluded from entering healthy tissues because healthy tissues do not need to be inflamed compared to…
pathogenic proteins from innate proteins. Specific gene variants of HLA-DQA1/HLA-DQB1 (HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8), trigger the immune system when exposed to gliadin protein, a derivative of gluten, and cause inflammation in the small intestines. HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 have been found in almost all genetically tested CD individuals, with HLA-DQ2 being much more prevalent (NLM, 2016). If someone tests negative for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 during a diagnostic biopsy for CD, they most like do not have the disease…
Muckle-Wells syndrome is primarily caused by a mutation on the NLRP3 (also called CIAS1) gene which is responsible for coding for the protein Cryopyrin. Cryopyrin is a type of protein which is called a nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein. A major part of the innate immune system is the inflammasome, which Cryopyrin is directly involved in the correct assembly of this molecule [6]. An inflammasome is the molecule that directs the process of inflammation in the…
the body. Adaptive immunity is created in response to exposure to a foreign substance. Specificity Non-Specific Specific Response Fights any foreign invader and rapid Fight only specific infection and slow(1-2 wks) Potency Limited and Lower potency High potency Time span Once activated against a specific type of antigen, the immunity remains throughout the life. The span of developed immunity can be lifelong or short. Inheritance inherited from parents and passed to offspring. Adaptive immunity…
Adaptive Response/Reaction The immune system is the human bodies defense mechanism against any pathogen; the immune system is split into two basic forms namely the innate and adaptive systems and their roles are essential in the immune system (Huether & McCance, 2012). The innate is the rapid, non-specific primary response anti any foreign body pathogen confront, while the adaptive system is the secondary response with added specific line of defense mechanism and both work collectively to…
assist bacteria to survive inside the host and evade their immune response (Akira et al., 2006). Several pathogenic bacteria have developed efficient capabilities to counteract…
The innate immune system is the defense mechanism that is activated immediately or shortly after the body is exposed to invading microorganisms.1 This system is quick in response and does not have a memory, meaning it doesn’t need previous exposure to the foreign microbe’s antigen before it can be activated.2 The adaptive immune system consists of antigen-specific immune responses.2 This system is slow in response because after it is exposed to an antigen, it needs time to process the antigen…
This paper will will explore the way that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pathogens invade and evade the immune system to cause infections that can be either innocuous or fatal. Group A Streptococcus is a group of human pathogens that are usually found in the throat or the skin (7). They can be spread through different direct contact to an exposed mucous membrane, or through contact to an open wound. The infections can be either non-invasive or invasive; invasive being the most dangerous and life…
the bloodstream remains sterile – free of any pathogens. The immune system, which is responsible for defending the body against pathogens, is a very complex and vital body system. The immune system involves both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity functions as the “first responder” system of the body. The skin, the mucous membranes are the first line of defense in innate immunity. The skin and mucous membranes serve to prevent microbes from entering the body. If microbes…