Antigen

normal human microbiota, others are pathogenic and cause human diseases.1, 6 Thus far, the classification of these bacteria into major categories has been based on: 1. Serologic specificity of the cell wall group antigens (Lancefield antigens) and other cell wall or capsular antigens 2. Hemolytic reactions on blood agar 3. Biochemical reactions and resistance to physical and chemical factors 1,4,5-8 However, the genera Streptococcus and Enterococcus (which is an extension of the Streptococcus…

It includes Mucus membrane, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), macrophages and antigen presenting cells (APCs). A good example of primary innate immune defense is the mucus membrane, which eliminates bacterial adhesion by ciliary movement or mucus in the upper respiratory tract (Fedtke et al., 2004). Bordetella pertussis is a well-known…

immune system function. Three main aspects of tumor cells which effect immune system dynamics are; first, tumors can lose antigen expression which obstructs production of antibodies allowing the tumours free-reign. Second, tumour cells can generate suppressor T-cells which essentially turns the body’s own defense system against itself as suppressor T-cells subdue the antigen response of B-cells and other T-cells. Third, tumour cells utilizes Fas-L, a protein that when attached to initiates cell…

Because there are many antigens that enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, there must be a method by which the immune system is suppressed in order to prevent potentially harmful immune responses resulting from encountering these antigens. It is thought that intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and because there is one IEL per ten intestinal epithelial cells, suppression of the immune system occurs frequently in the gut – in particular,…

compatible with his Type B Blood types are distinguished by the presence or absence of antigens (A and B) on the surface of the red blood cells. This patient has Type B blood meaning that there is only a B antigen on his red blood cells. The compatible blood types are Type B since it matches the patient’s blood type and Type O negative, which is considered universal. Type O negative blood does not contain antigen A or B, therefore it is more likely to be compatible with all blood types. c.…

the inspection of tissues, microorganisms, or other cells under a microscope. • Tests for antibodies to the microorganism Antibody tests rely on on the fact that there are specific antibodies for each antigen and each one can be used to determine the presence of the other. For example, a known antigen can be added into a blood sample and if the matching antibody exists in the sample, they will bind together. These tests are typically…

suggestions, they do not necessarily show cross-reactivity. Our next step is to conduct specific laboratory experiments to show us if the suggested cross-reactivity between a pair of correlating antigens actually exists. We needed ragweed antibodies for our lab tests so we purchased several vials of ragweed antigen and used one of these to produce rabbit antibodies at a collaborating lab. Rabbits are commonly used as a source of antibodies for lab tests because they can make the specific…

Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that remains incurable. The disease manifests as a wide range of neurological deficits including cognitive impairment, impaired coordination, visual disturbances, and extremity numbness (Weinshenker et al., 1989). MS affects approximately 400,000 people in the US and 2.5 million worldwide and it is the most common inflammatory neurological disease…

Worldwide, malignant glioma is the most common type of central nervous system tumor in humans, and is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates (1). The current standard of care consists of maximal surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide. Despite this multimodal approach, median survival is limited to six months (2). This poor prognosis is mainly due to the invasive potential of malignant glioma (3). To date, the molecular mechanisms…

our immune system detects the antigens in our body. Vaccines contain just the right amount of antigens for us to experience the immune response without the antigens multiplying into a vicious infection. Our body then begins producing proteins known as antibodies that travel through our blood and fight off the antigens. Antibodies are created by white blood cells known as B cells that serve primarily to produce specific antibodies that fight off the correlating antigens. Afterwards, our body…