Metastasis

Introduction - A tumor metastasis, which is a buildup of secondary malignant growths at a distance from the primary site of cancer requires chains of biological steps, which would allow a tumor cell to attain the ability to invade surroundings and to survive outside the original tumor site. During the first stages of cancer, the cells undergo an epithelial mesenchymal transition otherwise known as EMT. The mesenchymal cells participate in tissue repair and pathological processes. An EMT is a biologic process that allows a polarized epithelial cell, to undertake multiple biochemical processes that facilitate it to assume a mesenchymal cell phenotype. The mesenchymal cell phenotype includes enhanced migratory capacity, invasiveness, elevated…

Tumor metastasis involves a series of sequential events, specifically controlled by molecular pathways. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the first event in this series. EMT is a biologic process involving loss of polarization of epithelial cells that normally interact with basement membrane through its basal surface. These cells endure biochemical changes and transform into mesenchymal phenotypes (Kalluri and Weinberg, 1997). This transformation imparts increased migratory potential,…

5 years and from 89% to 90% at 10 years,17 the effect of cervical nodal metastasis on survival is difficult to assess.18 In the absence of a survival benefit, potential morbidities and medical economics, the value of the conventional use of neck dissection is not accepted.18 PCND in clinically node-negative DTC patients remains controversial.19 Patients with PTC are usually young, and cervical metastases are not uncommon.20 The mean age of our patients was 30±2.3 years, which is comparable to…

I. INTRODUCTION From the recent studies it has been known that breast cancer is the common occuring cancer among women in the worldwide. Metastasis is regarded to be as the main cause of death in breast cancer patients and reason for death around 90% of breast cancer are depicted because of local invasion and migration of tumor cells. Metastasis is defined as the spread of cancerous cells from the tumor site to the distance organs. It is a composite process that are divided into numerous…

Brain Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: A single center Experience Colorectal Cancer, also known as Colon Cancer is a disease that occurs in the Colon or Rectum. Sometimes when a Polyp, which are tissue growth on the outside or inside of a cell, increases or gets bigger it can spread to the outer layer of the cell causing a cancerous tumor. CRC is known to be the fourth leading cause of death in the United States due to Cancer. With treatments of CRC it has improved the incidence reports of…

Bone is a common site of metastases for many primarily malignant tumors, being the third location after liver and lung [5]. Bone metastases are a major clinical concern as they can deteriorate the bone structure causing pathological fractures, vertebral/spinal instability, severe pain, spinal cord compression, functional impairment and increased mortality. The vertebral column being the most frequent site of bone metastasis and one of the major organs in human body strongly correlated to neural…

malignancies result in metastasis in the skeletal tissue. The most frequent organ affected by metastases besides lung and liver is bone. Most of of these metastases are caused by breast or prostate carcinoma. Majority of patients with metastatic conditions develop bone metastases that further leads to a pronounced morbidity and mortality as a result of skeletal-related events (SREs) which generally include hypercalcemia due to malignancy, pathological fractures etc and thus involves the…

Bone Metastasis Bone metastasis is cancer that spreads to the bones from another part of the body. A person may have bone metastasis in one bone or in more than one bone. Cancer that spreads to the bones is different from cancer that starts in the bones (primary bone cancer). Bone metastasis is more common than primary bone cancer. The spine is the most common area for bone metastasis. Other common areas include the: • Hip bone (pelvis). • Ribs. • Skull. • Long bones of the arm or…

Cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor site and travel through blood and lymphatic vessels. This is how cancer cells spread, or metastasize, to another part of the body, such as the brain. These tumors can develop when a patient’s primary cancer, while still undetectable at its original site, sends out metastatic cells that travel to the brain and establish themselves there. Most cancer patients are actually at risk of having their tumor spread to multiple sites. …

The Third Stage of melanoma is II stage (localized tumor). Stage II melanoma is by tumor thickness and ulceration. There is a signal that shows cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or distant sites (metastasis). Moreover, The next stage of melanoma is Stage III, which defined by testing of the lymph node. In Stage III melanoma, the deepness of the melanoma does not make any difference anymore. There is no hint that cancer has spread to distant sites (metastasis)[2]. In addition, melanoma…