Metallurgy

When heat is applied to an object, that object usually undergoes a structural change. This also applies to rock. Since Knife River Flint is a fine-grained stone the changes predictably would be minor, compared to a coarse-gained stone that would exhibit greater change when it came to thermal altering. Ahler purposed “that fine-grained cherts respond to heat alteration at lower temperatures than do coarse-grained cherts” (Ahler 1983: 2) which Knife River Flint is a fine-grained chert, so it should respond favorably to thermal alteration. Thermally altering Knife River Flint is conducive when it comes to making knapping easier for the knapper “The increased ease of flake fracture significantly enhances the knapper's control over the material. Failure rates in the production of chipped stone tools may be diminished.” (Cowan 1987: 1) With this in mind the samples of Knife River Flint that was thermally altered should be easy to knap, then the raw unaltered samples of Knife River Flint. To test the knappability of the Knife River Flint samples used in this experiment series of three test types of knapping will be utilized. The three tests that will be employed are a hard hammer percussion test, soft hammer percussion test, and pressure flaking test. These three tests will help to tease out if thermally altering stone makes it easier to flintknap. A hard hammer or hammerstone is a hard round stone that is used to strike of flakes from an object piece. A hard hammer is…

Ancient African people made many beneficial contributions to the society. Some of their greatest accomplishments occurred in astronomy, math, medicine, navigation, architecture, engineering, tools, and metallurgy. A lot of treatments in medicine used today were employed from several ancient people from Africa. One of these treatments is when doctors use salicylic acid for pain. Inventions used now that come from their metallurgy are steam engines, metal chisels, saws, copper/iron tools, weapons,…

Despite being foreign born, William J. Kroll’s involvement with the Bureau of Mines in his adulthood distinguishes him as a respected part of the history of Albany, Oregon. Born Guillaume Justin Kroll November 24th, 1889 in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Kroll endured a classical education in Greek, Latin, chemistry, and physics before moving to Berlin to pursue metallurgy. Throughout his lifetime, Kroll brought attention to the potential uses for several elements as while as attaining patented…

Pure metals are of very less application in engineering as of the need of conflicting property requirement. For e.g. an application may need a material that is both hard and ductile, there is no any such kind of substance existing in nature. For this present problem, combination (in liquid state) of one material with other material is used. This mixing of materials in the molten liquid state is termed alloying ,that provides a property that is not similar to the original materials. Bronze…

Mesopotamia is known as the “cradle of civilization” because it was the birthplace of many diverse civilizations that arose later on. I agree that civilization originated there because the rise of complex urban centers became a foundation for political and economic stability. The abundance of food grown in the fertile crescent made it possible for large numbers of people to live together. Because of the population growth and a stable food source, more people began to specialize and trade their…

alloying elements in high manganese steels, Table 1 gives the approximate range of contents currently being studied. Major elements in high manganese steel % Weight Mn 1.1 - 25.0 Al 0.0 - 3.0 Fe Remaining Table 1. High Manganese steel compositions Process Metallurgy of Steel Production Typical modern integrated steel plants have several stages comprising of ironmaking, steelmaking, continuous casting, hot rolling and finishing process for the production of steels. Figure 2.2 shows the stages…

In the Second Discourse on Inequality, Jean Jacque Rousseau outlined the origin and development of private property. The formation of the hut is the first step towards the ultimate creation of society as families and communities start to form. Unlike savage man who’s primary motivation was self-preservation, civilized man embraced amour propre as they begin to compare their strengths and abilities of others. Although Rousseau argues that the invention of private property is not natural, it is…

Amour Propre: the Social and Political Inequalities of Property in Society In the Second Discourse on Inequality, Jean Jacque Rousseau outlined the origin and development of private property. The formation of the hut was the first step towards the ultimate creation of society as families and communities formed. Unlike savage man who’s primary motivation was self-preservation, civilized man embraced amour propre as he started to compare his strengths and abilities to others. Although Rousseau…

Farming allowed Europeans to form villages and develop advanced societies. It assisted them to evolve against diseases like smallpox. Farming also let them develop transportation and labor through livestock. Europe’s advancements in society were all due to their geographic location. It was the reason why they conquered other disease-ridden, primitive empires so easily. Plus, weapons and metallurgy were only developed through the good fortune of the European’s placement and climate. As a result,…

hey had such a success with the travel of merchandise because they had the river stream in their favor and they had not much to trade all they had was iron, coal, wool, tin, and cotton. Even with all that they couldn’t do it because of the population growth resulted in more people from the countryside being freed up to work for wages in the new cities and eventually increased demand for products such as clothing. Coal and Iron deposits were plentiful in Great Britain and proved essential to the…