Antigen

mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and go to the secondary lymphoid organs. The production of BL begins in the vitelline sac, proceeds during fetal growth within the liver and is completed in the bone marrow. The B lymphocytes involved in antigen recognition are membrane immunoglobulins (Ig), which are IgM and IgD. The immunoglobulin molecules have linkage…

There is a variety of blood groups and antigens present in different human bodies, which depend on either polymorphism or inheritance. Blood grouping has a clinical significance, for example; we need blood grouping in cases of transfusion to avoid incompatibility, which often leads to blood clumping and agglutination then eventually death of patients, not only that but they are also important in pregnancies in cases of maternal fetal incompatibility. Each blood type has its own advantage like…

These antibodies, if present in the serum, will agglutinate bacterial suspension which carries homologous antigens. If agglutination occurs with O antigen then it is considered positive for Salmonella typhi. If agglutination occurs in A or B antigen then it is confirmed as positive for Salmonella paratyphi. Agglutination will occur in H antigen for all the cases of antigens like O, A, and B. This Widal test can be performed either by slide agglutination test or by tube agglutination test…

and immune system cells that fight off foreign cells in the body. The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen. Late immune response refers to adaptive immunity, which is an antigen specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex that the innate. The antigen first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been recognized,…

through a process called hematopoiesis. • Thymus Produces mature T cells through a process called thymic education. • Spleen Its primary role is to filter the blood of antigens. This is done by the macrophages and dendritic cells that capture the antigens. • Lymph Nodes Its primary role is to filter the bodily fluids of antigens, similar to the spleen, this is also done by the macrophages and dendritic cells…

for starting and measuring an immune response (1). Antibodies and antigens found in our immune system is done by immunoassays (2). The majority of immunological tests are based on the adaptive immune system. Substances recognized by our immune system are antigens. Injections are done by a trained health care professional to test for an immune response. The antibodies work together to fight antigens. Immunologists can inject antigens into the body and observe the reactions. Out of the five…

The outermost portion of Salmonella’s surface called O antigen and the slender threadlike structure called the H antigen which is also a part of its flagella. The O antigens are distinguished by their differences in the chemical make-up and the H antigens are distinguished by the protein contents of its flagella. Each O and H antigen have a unique code and scientists determine the serotype based on the distinct combinations of these two antigens. PFGE is another technique used by scientist to…

These tests are all time consuming and require a laboratory well equipped with proper instruments and trained persons (Xiang et al., 2003). Detection of circulating Antigens for Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis: Van Dam et al. (2004), developed reagent strip for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. It was based on parasite antigen detection in urine of infected people. The test…

proteins, antibodies, and hormones. The target antigen is immobilized to the bottom of the well and then an antigen-specific detection antibody is added. The detection antibody makes it possible to measure results. The three most common formats of ELISA would be direct assay, indirect assay, and sandwich assay. In direct assay, the antigen immobilizes to the bottom of the well where a labeled antibody attaches to it. In indirect assay, the the antigen immobilizes to the bottom of the well and…

A thirty year old female presented to the delivery room with an uncomplicated vaginal birth. On examination, the baby girl was responsive, jaundiced, no dysmorphic features, and all vitals where normal. Blood bank results showed that the baby was O positive and had a strong positive direct anti-globulin (DAT) of a 4+. After having double phototherapy for thirty-six hours, the baby still had an increased reticulocyte count of 5.5 to 7.5 % and an increased bilirubin level of 7.0 to 18.0 mg/dL.…