Antigen

African swine fever virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A new approach to make vaccines is by utilizing gene cloning technique and DNA sequence. This type of vaccination is called DNA vaccination. DNA vaccination is a method used to generate antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity. The basic concept of DNA vaccine is to clone target gene into a mammalian expression. In other words, this type of vaccination allows mammalian cells to…

Blood is the only liquid in the body that is classified as connective tissue. Its function is to transport oxygen, metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste from the kidneys. Regulation of the body’s pH, body temperature, and maintenance of the liquid volume in the circulatory system. Lastly, protection by way of Leukocyte activation and preventing blood loss by way of the platelets in the blood. Blood is composed of 55% plasma (water, salts, plasma proteins, and other…

The lipid envelope of HDV contains hepatitis B surface antigen while the core of the virus consists of the HDV RNA genome and hepatitis D antigen. Discovered in 1989, HDV is a blood borne virus. HDV is transmitted by exposure to virus contaminated blood and is endemic among hepatitis B infected patients in the Mediterranean region where it was first…

When scrolling through Facebook during vacation, I stumbled upon this article claiming that unprecedented steps have been taken to improve cancer therapies. For years, the topic of cancer and the treatments for the disease has always interested me and the astonishing exclamation that “more than half of terminally ill blood cancer patients experienced complete remission in early clinical trials” in the article’s subtitle just seemed to heighten my interest even further. However, this not the only…

Bacterial meningitis is one of the most common infectious diseases affecting neonates (7). It is characterized by the inflammation of the meninges caused by the presence of bacteria or bacterial products within the subarachnoid space of the brain, the spinal cord and the ventricular system (16, 22). This inflammatory response can eventually lead to various forms of brain damage (16, 26). Untreated neonatal bacterial meningitis (NBM) almost always results in death (22), and despite the…

body is faced again with this microbe in the future and knows how to defeat it. When antigens (foreign organisms that invade the body) are detected, several types of cells work together to recognize them and respond. These cells then trigger others cells to produce antibodies which are proteins that lock onto specific antigens. These antibodies now stay in the body for when the immune system encounters another antigen, and is there to fight it…

five distinctive attributes: specificity, inducibility, clonality, unresponsiveness to self, and memory. Also it as two components antibodies and T-cells, Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B-cells, circulating in the blood and binding to antigens (substances that produce specific immune responses) on infectious agents. This interaction can result in direct inactivation of the microorganism or activation of variety of inflammatory mediators that will destroy the pathogens. This type of…

are designed to stimulate the body's immune system and to generate a response that will protect the individual from disease caused by the pathogen(11) When you get a vaccine, you get a small amount of a dead form of the organism which causes the antigens and antibodies to react and so this allows the immune system to get stronger. It is not the actual amount needed for a vaccine but the immune system still has the ability to produce certain antibodies that can recognise and attack the organism…

African-American men and men with a family history of prostate cancer are considered high risk and should being testing at about age 45. Test that are used to screen for cancer include a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam (DRE). The Prostate-specific antigen is produced by the columnar epithelial cells of the prostate and periurethral glands, so therefore PSA has some function in the prostate and its secretions. It is produced by both malignant…

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus transmitted through the bites of infected Aedes species of mosquitoes. In 1947, ZIKV virus was first recognized in Uganda in monkeys through a system that observed yellow fever. Later in 1952, the virus was acknowledged in humans in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Since then, there has been reports of outbreaks of ZIKV in Africa, America, Asia and the South Pacific. In 2007, the first large outbreak of ZIKV was reported from Yap Island. ZIKV is…