Hydrogen bond

process was used to produce the alkyne. First, bromination of stilbene through the electrophilic addition of bromine to the double bond was performed through an SN2 reaction, as outlined in Figure 3. Pyridinium tribromide, the source of bromine, since elemental bromine is too corrosive and hazardous, was generated in situ (Figure 1). The bromine was added across the double bond and attacked through the backside, anti-relative to the other bromide. This mechanism produced…

the breaking of the sigma bond between the diatomic halogen, propagation being the interaction of hydrogen, carbon and the radical itself, and termination which is the recombination of stable molecules. Toluene: Ethylbenzene: Isopropylbenzene: t-butylbenzene The purpose of this lab was to observe the speed at which the process of halogenation took place in molecules with carbons of varying stature…

Molecules like cyclosporine that are non-ionisable, lipophilic and non-polar are challenging to formulate due to their low solubility and no effect of pH on solubility, and they are also solubilised in non-aqueous solutions composed entirely of organic solvents. The combination of polyoxyethylated castor oil and ethanol that are water miscible surfactants and solvents can be used to solubilise the non-polar active ingredient, cyclosporine. Therefore, the excipients are appropriate for the…

of nitrogen and hydrogen, having the formula NH3. The ammonia molecule is formed by sp3 orbitals as it has a tetrahedral geometry and a trigonal pyramidal shape. Ammonia has an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°, and an a bond length of 101.7 pm. The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lone electron pair, which gives the molecule a dipole moment and polarity. Ammonia’s lone electron pair makes NH3 a base, a proton acceptor, and gives it the ability to readily form bonds. In liquid…

1. Which one of the following would make the most suitable catalyst in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)? A. Carbon dioxide (CO2) B. Sodium chloride (NaCl) C. Magnesium oxide (MgO) D. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 2. If the temperature of a reaction is decreased, what effect will this have on the rate of reaction? A. It will have no effect. B. The reaction will stop. C. The rate of reaction will increase. D. The rate of reaction will decrease. 3. Given the equilibrium reaction in a closed…

Fatty acids and oil are organic substances, which are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. When carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are chemically combined with a carboxyl group, a long chain is formed, called as fatty acids. Alternatively, when fats react with water, they break into fatty acids and glycerin. Three chains of fatty acids when react with glycerol molecule, they combine to form triglycerides. Molecules of triglyceride are the basis of fats and oil. The difference in their chemical…

forms of Isonicotinamide (I, II and IV) were crystalized using solvents such as nitrobenzene, acetone, nitromethane, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, dioxane and chloroform. It was found that the hydrogen bonding behaviour of Isonicotinamide is of interest since different polymorphs exhibited different hydrogen bonding and molecular…

molecules attracts the cations and by extension the water molecules around it. The more water molecules being attracted the more Hydrogen ions are being formed between them. As a result of this, there is a cluster of water molecules around the ions, therefore the ions are hydrated. Anions also attract water molecules; in this case the positive end of the molecule is where the Hydrogen atoms are being attracted to and not the negative end of the molecule. This is called Polar Molecules. Polar…

boiling point are all examples of physical properties (teacherlingo.com 1). Density is a physical property. Propane is denser than air, so when released it sinks to the floor. Carbon, one of the atoms in propane (c3h8), is often a black color, while hydrogen and oxygen do not have color. Propane is colorless and odorless when in its natural form, but odor is often added for commercial purposes. It has a molar mass of 44.0626 grams per…

Haber Process” it is responsible for the production of the compound ammonia; which is accountable for the world’s consumption of natural gas (BBC, 2014). The Haber process is the method of synthesizing the compound of ammonia which is produced from Hydrogen (H2) and Nitrogen (N2) gas (Sinha, 2014). In 1909 a German named Fritz Haber developed the compound of ammonia, thus The “Haber” process was named after the physical chemist (AUS-e-TUTE, 2014). In 1918 Fritz Haber received the Nobel Prize…