Hydrogen bond

“The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can be changed from one form into another, mixtures can be separated or made, and pure substances can be decomposed, but the total amount of mass remains constant.” (University Of Wisconsin) The data the was found from our lab shows that the data is not consistent to the Law of Conservation of Mass because our results showed an increase in mass. To start the lab, .7 grams of copper was measured out and at the end, the total amount of copper was…

Background Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that measures the quantity of chemicals in a reaction. This branch relies heavily on moles and balancing. A mole is a unit of measure for giant quantities. It is a number of atoms or molecules that is so large that it is only logical and convenient to use it for atoms and molecules. One mole is 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. We call this Avogadro's Number. Furthermore, balancing chemical equations is the process of changing determining the…

decomposition (CaCO3 → CaO + CO2); and finally there is combustion. Combustion is a rapid chemical combination of a substance (fuel) with oxygen, including the production of heat and light (e.g. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O). In these types of reactions, bonds are broken and then formed to create the end product, which all requires the use or release of energy. To observe the way the reaction and energy works, energy diagrams are used as visual support. Energy diagrams are used to show…

SHOULD WATER CHLORINATION BE BANNED? The recorded deaths due to waterborne diseases have demonstrated that water treatment is critical. Thus, methods like water chlorination have been developed to achieve water quality. This procedure has exhibited notable decreases in diarrhoeal diseases, and has shown prolonged disinfecting effects on many microorganisms when used with ammonia. However, there exists protozoa that are resistant to chlorination, and such spores have led to outbreaks that…

Step (1a) include only dispersion forces, because each of the compounds are non-polar. In Step (1b), there are dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole forces. Dispersion forces occur in all compounds, hydrogen bonding occurs between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within each of the compounds, and there is also a dipole movement between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. There is a correlation between IMFs and volatilities, as the stronger intermolecular forces tend to evaporate the…

reaction between ammonia and oxygen. There is also a decrease in concentration of hydroxylamine, which presumably reacts with oxygen and gives nitrogen dioxide and water. The other reaction that decomposes ammonia is formation of molecular nitrogen and hydrogen, either molecular or atomic. The unreacted oxygen atoms form molecular oxygen. Chlorates decompose to chlorites and chlorine dioxide. The main results obtained in this study are based on the simulations and quantitative data about change…

2.1. C. tomentosum extract characterization C. tomentosum extract proximal composition is shown in Table 1. The relatively higher ash proportion in seaweed extract (SE) (aprox. 74%) could largely be accounted for by the lower moisture content, and probably due to a hygroscopic nature of the SE (Blanco-Pascual, Montero, & Gómez-Guillén, 2014). The values of TPC and DPPH radical-scavenging activity are consistent with literature (Andrade et al., 2013; Valentão et al., 2010) (Table 1). POD and PPO…

benzoquinone. Structure determines function (Reece et al., 2014). Though hydroquinone an isomer of catechol, the structure of hydroquinone places the hydroxyl groups at opposite end of the six carbon ring. The structure of benzoquinone has two double bonds with oxygen placed next to each other. The structure of pyrogallol has three hydroxyl groups which can be oxidized to produce the carbonyl groups on benzoquinone. Catechol on the other hand carries only two hydroxyl groups. When the hydroxyl…

3.3. Mulliken Atomic charges analysis Mulliken atomic charge calculation has an important physical property of the quantum chemical calculation of molecular system because of the atomic charge effect, electronic structure and more a lot of properties of molecular systems [19].The possible molecular bonding of a compound depends on the electronic charge existing on the chelating atoms [20]. The charge changes with basis set presumably occur due to polarization. The charge distribution of (C20 is…

Alkanols consist of three levels known as primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary alkanols occur when the hydroxyl group bonds with the first carbon atom of the chain. Secondary alkanols form when the hydroxyl group bonds with the second carbon atom of the chain and tertiary alkanols occur when the hydroxyl group bonds with the third carbon atom of the chain. Both primary and secondary alkanols can be oxidized however tertiary alkanols cannot (ausetute, NA). As the number…