Hydrogen bond

and oxygen carries 24 plus one since it is an ion. The Lewis structure of perbromate is a tetrahedral. Although the structure contains 32 valence electrons, it obtains a total 1 single bond and 3 double bonds. The oxygens in the Lewis structure follow the octet rule however bromine does not. Bromine (besides hydrogen) does not follow the octet due to certain exceptions. Bromine can also found in the Earth’s crust. It is an acidic element and can be harmful and cause irritation if encountered.…

carbons, it ideally exists with 109.5-degree bond angles. If cyclohexane were planar, it would be forced to have 120-degree angels, and would therefore have angle strain. However, cyclohexane chair conformations are almost completely free of angle strain due to their 111-degree bond angles. Planar cyclohexane would have substantial torsional strain, because each of its carbon-carbon bonds would be fully eclipsed. In contrast, each of chair cyclohexane’s C-C bonds is staggered, meaning there is…

REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ABSTRACT The difference between aldehydes and ketones is by having a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. Ketones do not have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to break the carbon-carbon bonds. This report is about the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. This was done to determine how they react when different…

also different from group one as their reactivity decreases as you go down. Also, the elements becomes darker as you go down the group. Chemical reactions of group 1: The group 1 alkali metals are very reactive when put in water, as it produces hydrogen gas and alkaline solution (alkali metal hydroxide). The alkali metals reacts very fast and violent with water, as when you place the metals (lithium, sodium or potassium)…

together by strong metallic bonds. A lot of energy is used to separate these particles. That is why metals have high melting and boiling point. Metals are solid as well as crystalline. They are arranged in a regular pattern and are held closed together. 2. Electrical Conductivity: Metals conduct electricity. The sea of delocalized electrons are mobile and are free to move around in the 3D structure of metals. The electrons can even cross grain the boundaries. The metallic bond is present in…

highlights of the chapter. The way I see it, God is the original/first chemist. He took His own creations (the elements in our Periodic Table) to make provisions for His ultimate creation, mankind. He made oxygen for use to breathe. God combined hydrogen and oxygen, in the right combination, to create water. He left precious metals like gold and silver for mankind’s use, and all of the other elements. The…

When a hydrogen atom of an alkane is replaced by halogens, they become an alkyl halide compound which can also be called haloalkanes. There are two types of reaction within the alkyl halides. When another atom replaces the halide ion, the reaction becomes a substitution reaction, and when the halide ion leaves with another atom or ion, it becomes an elimination reaction (Weldegirma, 2015). The substitution reaction can be divided into either electrophilic substitution or nucleophilic…

either cis, (E,Z), or trans, (E,E). The cis product, (E,Z), would form if the double bond and phenyl group added to the same side. The trans product, E,E), would form if the double bond and phenyl group were to add to the opposite sides. The product of desire for the Wittig reaction is the trans, (E,E), isomer. Since the trans isomer of cinnamaldehyde was used in the experiment, the addition of one of the two double bonds formed in the major product was expected to be trans (E). The purpose…

Fossil Fuels are organic deposits derived from decaying plants and animals that have been fossilized over millions of years. There is more to them than that however they are also hydrocarbons comprised primarily of the following elements: carbon and hydrogen and some sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and minerals. Different combinations of these elements are used as a fuel for our everyday lives. This paper’s purpose is to explain some of the chemistry behind the use of these various fossil fuels as…

The positively charged manganese ions, when near the C=C bond, will pull the negatively charged region of the electrons in the bond towards itself, weakening them. This means that when there is a collision between H2O and this C=C bond, in the presence of this catalyst, the bond will break more easily, which increases the amount of collisions with a high enough energy to cause a reaction, and hence an increase in the…