Reduction involves increasing the number of carbon hydrogen bonds by adding hydrogen across a double or triple bond which results in an increase in electron density at the carbon atom. Organic functional groups containing double and triple bonds which undergo reduction are unsaturated. The reduction of the double bond by addition of hydrogen atoms results in the product being fully saturated. Metal hydride reducing agents that have different reactivities toward specific functional groups are commonly used in chemical reductions.…
In this experiment, thiamine was used to turn benzaldehyde, an electrophile, into a nucleophile. This nucleophilic benzaldehyde then reacts with another molecule of benzaldehyde to make benzoin. This means that benzaldehyde is the source of the electrophile and nucleophile in this reaction. The two molecules of benzaldehyde…
solution, because it is the source of the Grignard reagent. Because the halide cannot be eliminated, the next best option is to minimize the amount of halide in the reaction. In this experiment, a small concentration of the halide is reacted with a high concentration of magnesium to ensure maximum contact between halides and magnesium. To do this, magnesium will be placed in the round bottom flask and then halides are slowly added. Another potential source of error is that Grignard reagents must be placed far away from water sources.…
Consequently, the base attacks a hydrogen on the least substituted carbon (primary carbon). In this case, steric hindrance is reduced and the elimination reaction is faster, so a less substituted alkene is more favored, and becomes the major product. 2-Bromoheptane + Sodium Methoxide. The 2-Bromoheptane + Potassium TertButoxide reaction yielded 4 different products: 1-heptene,…
The alcohol, acting as a nucleophile, is then able to attack the carbonyl carbon. The acid then protonates one of the OH groups to create water, a good leaving group. The water then leaves and a double bond forms between the carbonyl…
Experiment 7 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Of Salicyamide Name: Lidia Santiana Palha Student number: s3333523 Email-address: lidiapalha@gmail.com Name of demonstrator: H.Helbert Reaction Equation Summary Salicylamide and sodium iodide are dissolved in ethanol, and stirred and cooled to 0. After that household bleach was added while stirring vigorously, solution changed from colorless to pale yellow. Sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid were added aswell.…
In this experiment, pinacol was mixed with sulfuric acid, which protonated the pinacol, allowing it to form a better leaving group. Water is the leaving group off of the pinacol and the pinacol becomes a carbocation. The carbocation that is formed is a secondary carbocation so, rearrangement occurs. A methyl shift happens to form a tertiary carbocation, which is more stable than a secondary carbocation. Then, the remaining oxygen forms a double bond causing it to have a positive charge; allowing the carbon that had a positive charge to have a full octet and to be neutral.…
At the end, two bromine radicals form a bromine-bromine…
This means that a single element replaces a second element in a compound. The reaction is shown…
The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to compare the nucleophilicity of bromide and chloride ions to the compounds of 1-butanol (n-butyl alcohol) and 2-methyl-2-butanol (t-pentyl alcohol) in a sulfuric acid solution using SN1 and SN2 reaction mechanisms to determine and identify which was the better nucleophile in each…
The reactions are: Single-Displacement, a single element replaces another element in a compound; Double-Displacement, an element from both compounds switch places; Synthesis, elements join together into a compound;…
Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used as a flavouring agent and in perfumes. The diastereomers of the alkene are distinguished through Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, where the coupling constants of alkenyl protons are different for (E) and (Z) isomers.4…
It starts with a catalyst, then followed by an expression of…
It is formed by the removal of water from two ethanoic acid molecules. Because acetic anhydride is the second most reactive carboxylic acid derivative, they can be readily converted into other less reactive carboxylic acid…
roduction: Medical field is very broad field providing a lot of opportunities for those who wants to become a doctors and physicians. Therefore, pre-medical students have a big range to choose what to pursue as physician. Becoming a physician needs to have a good plan to go through medical school processes. As an undergraduate, I plan to take part in researching the effect of drugs on the human metabolism.…