Apoptosis

toxic which can affect human health at low levels, and it is a carcinogen. Cd cause cancer which is lung, kidney and prostate cancer. Cd leads cancer because of the oxidative stress. Oxidative stress involved the Cd-induced aberrant gene expression, apoptosis and inhibit the DNA damage repair. Besides, Cd trigger the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formations by producing cellular thiol redox imbalance, and that make intracellular oxidative stress and ROS accumulation. ROS cause DNA damage. Acute…

Docetaxel, also known as toxetere, is used as an anti- cancer chemotherapy drug. It is used to treat cases of breast, lung, prostate, head, and neck cancer. Docetaxel is administered through IV. The amount of docetaxel patients receive depends on a lot of factors. Factors such as height, weight, the type of cancer being treated, and how far along the cancer has developed factors into how much medicine the patients receive. Use of docetaxel can result in low white and red blood cell counts. This…

Background: Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD) is the most frequent inherited renal cystic disease around the world. PCKD is a very complex group of disorders characterized by the formation and growth of multiple renal cysts, containing urine-like fluid, which displace renal tubules and frequently leads to end stage renal disease (ESRD). PCKD has two major forms and can be transmitted as autosomal dominant or recessive traits with variable expression. 1-3 Major advances have been done towards…

Introduction The scientific study of Huntington’s Disease (HD) had began in 1872, by George Huntington who is a family physician that had published a report on the clinical symptoms and peculiar mode of inheritance of the disorder.(1, 2) Huntington’s disease has 3 subtypes according to the age onset, which are infantile, juvenile and the adult-onset.(2) Individuals with Huntington’s disease can become asymptomatic between the ages of 1 and 80 years.(3) The typical mean age of onset is 40 years,…

Background Turner’s syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in 1 in every 2,500 female births. Though it occurs in about 3% of fetuses, 99% of these fetuses are spontaneously aborted[1]. Turner’s syndrome can be defined as a combination of phenotypes with varying expressivity along with the complete or partial loss of an X sex chromosome[2]. Symptoms of Turner’s syndrome include, but aren’t limited to short stature, glucose intolerance, broad chest and widely spread nipples, amenorrhea,…

4.1 Introduction: Stress is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illness affecting more than one fifth of the world’s population. It is always related to alterations of signaling pathways mainly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Mikhai et al, 2014). Rat models are an obligatory tool to study the etiology and progression of behavioural and biochemical changes induced by oxidative stress. Restraint stress produces an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants…

Ethics Behind Embryonic Research Roger Wicker, the representative of Mississippi in the U.S. Senate, said, “The choice is not between conducting the stem cell research or not conducting it. That is not the choice”. The ethical and moral debate surrounding stem cell research is not the research itself; it is how these stem cells are acquired. There is little doubt within the scientific community that stem cell research will result in many medical breakthroughs, much like the discovery of…

"Anemia is a reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin" (McCance & Huether, 2014, p.982). There are many causes of anemia and are classified in this manner. There are three classifications: macrocytic-normochromic anemia, microcytic-hypochromic anemia, and normocytic-normochromic anemia (McCance & Huether, 2014). Macrocytic-normochromic anemias encompass pernicious anemia and folate deficiency anemia (McCance &…

This section introduces the background of gene therapy in Parkinson’s Disease, especially on brain cells targeting therapy. It provides the rationale for further proposal of brain cell targeted PD therapy based on Ultrasound-meditated microbubble delivered AAV vector or RNAi. 1.Parkinson’s Disease, a common CNS disorder with no adequate treatment in pharmacological approaches Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, central nervous system (CNS) disorder, belonging to a group of conditions…

Ebola Zaire in non-human primates: a threat to biodiversity conservation To most of the world, Ebola Zaire haemorrhagic fever, also simply known as ‘the Ebola virus’ (EBOV) (Hayden, 2014), was relatively unknown until early 2014 when an outbreak in West Africa seemingly appeared out of nowhere. Yet outbreaks have been reported in primates, both human and non-human, since its discovery in 1976 (P. Ascenzi et al. 2008), and the outbreaks seem to be increasing in frequency. Several studies leave us…