Apoptosis

Commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease, Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease where the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord die (Harmon, 2012). Diagnosis generally occurs after age fifty and from that point, the patient generally has three to five years until his/her motor neurons controlling the diaphragm die, resulting in death by asphyxiation (Al-Chalabi et al., 2014; “Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,” n.d.). An anomaly to this generalization is Stephen…

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects over 250,000 people in the United States alone. 90% of the patients with SLE are female, which indicates that there is either an important role in female hormones or a protective role in male hormones. However, it is also possible that the gene is carried on the X chromosome, making males less likely to contract the disease (Rahman, et al. 929). Autoantibodies are generated in people with SLE, meaning that the humoral…

Grains were first introduced to the human diet about 10,000 years ago in Mesopotamia. In the second century AD, Aretaeus of Cappadocia described “koiliakos” a disease of the abdomen caused by nutrition. It wasn’t until 1888 in London that S.J. Gee fully described what we know as celiac disease today. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder marked by inflammation of the small intestine that affects genetically predisposed individuals across the world. The genetic predisposition occurs on HLA…

Name: Beatriz Brun Drawer/Group #: 37 PS ID #: 1396854 Three digit mutant code: 848 BIOL 3311 Spring 2015 Lab Section: 14704 Date: 02/23/2015 TA Instructor Name: Eric Pham Writing Assignment 3: Review of a D. melanogaster gene Characteristics of the Drop gene Introduction The fly Drosophila melanogaster has been widely utilized in the field of genetics, since the first paper was published in 1910, for being a good organism to conduct research. In addition to being small and easy to…

Scott et al. compared those who suffer from spinal cord injury (SCI) and the body under microgravity. Their findings show that SCI patients and astronauts, in long term conditions, have similar physiological outcomes and those who have SCI can be good examples to study the effects of spaceflight on the human body. The importance of comparing and contrasting these two populations is to be able to see if scientists can test individuals of one group to come up with results and conclusions of how to…

Cognition is defined as a group of higher order brain functions which includes language, emotion, memory, and consciousness. (Purves, 2012) Aside from leading to severe immunodeficiency (AIDS), the HIV-1 lentivirus can also lead to a spectrum of emotional and behavioral disturbances collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). While antiretroviral therapy, such as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has managed to increase the life expectancy of infected…

1. Abstract In this study, reverse micellar extraction of asparaginase model system was carried out using CTAB/Iso-octane/hexanol/butanol system to optimize the forward and back extraction efficiency. By using Taguchi’s orthogonal array (OA), maximum forward extraction efficiency of 55.0%, 61.0% and 54% was achieved with an aqueous phase pH of 11.0, 150mM CTAB/Iso-octane and 0.1 M NaCl, respectively. Similarly, Taguchi’s orthogonal array (OA) was applied to optimize the pH of stripping phase,…

Francisella tularensis is an important microbial agent which causes the severe infection of tularemia. The intracellular life cycle of this bacterium is supported by a vast range of protective guards such as enzymes. Although several enzymes are recognized in different subspecies of the bacterium, acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase are seen in all bacterial subspecies. On the other hand, the most important enzymatic system relating to host cells is NADPH oxidase. For this reason, the…

The origin of T and B lymphocytes is through the lymphoid progenitors derived from the pluripotent stem cells within the bone marrow. Differentiation of cells that leave the bone marrow and proceed to the thymus include T lymphocytes (TL), as mature T lymphocytes will leave the thymus. Differentiation of cells that remain within the bone marrow include B lymphocytes (BL), as mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and go to the secondary lymphoid organs. The production of BL begins in the…

causing sodium reabsorption and water retention in the body (Klabunde, 2014). As sodium and fluid retention occurs, preload increases CO thus increasing blood pressure and renal perfusion (Andrew, 2002). AII and aldosterone lead to cardiac muscle apoptosis resulting in fibroblast activation, myocardial scarring and cardiac remodelling, causing worsening of HF (Unger & Li,…