Adaptive immune system

Introduction The human body is populated by a large aggregate of microbes on the skin as well as many mucosal surfaces. They are composed of mainly bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. These commensal microorganisms live in the human body in symbiosis. Microbiota play a functional role in the health and disease of an individual. Roughly there are around 1012 bacteria found on the skin, primarily staphylococci and corynebacteria, and 1010 found in the mouth, primarily, streptococci, lactobacilli.1 But…

occurrence of such diseases requires unique strategies, which assist bacteria to survive inside the host and evade their immune response (Akira et al., 2006). Several pathogenic bacteria have developed efficient capabilities to counteract…

Adaptive Response/Reaction The immune system is the human bodies defense mechanism against any pathogen; the immune system is split into two basic forms namely the innate and adaptive systems and their roles are essential in the immune system (Huether & McCance, 2012). The innate is the rapid, non-specific primary response anti any foreign body pathogen confront, while the adaptive system is the secondary response with added specific line of defense mechanism and both work collectively to…

against infection from pathogen is not as effective as it can be, especially for individuals that have compromised immune response. The body’s immune response system has an essential resistance and adaptive immunity as its first line of defense. When the front-line defense (innate) immunity fails to protect the body against microbial pathogens the second line of defense (adaptive) which is more specific is activated (H. ,2012, September 11). The innate immunity contains different cell forms…

The innate immune system is the defense mechanism that is activated immediately or shortly after the body is exposed to invading microorganisms.1 This system is quick in response and does not have a memory, meaning it doesn’t need previous exposure to the foreign microbe’s antigen before it can be activated.2 The adaptive immune system consists of antigen-specific immune responses.2 This system is slow in response because after it is exposed to an antigen, it needs time to process the antigen…

In a healthy individual, the bloodstream remains sterile – free of any pathogens. The immune system, which is responsible for defending the body against pathogens, is a very complex and vital body system. The immune system involves both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity functions as the “first responder” system of the body. The skin, the mucous membranes are the first line of defense in innate immunity. The skin and mucous membranes serve to prevent microbes from…

membrane is the outer membrane, also consisting of a protoplasm that is generally cylindrical and long. The most unique feature of the Borrelia burgdorferi is its ability to travel easily through its host’s fluids and tissues by using their highly adaptive flagella (2). The flagella in most spirochetes is found in the periplasm between the diderm membranes. It has a similar metabolic genome to most parasites,…

consists of multiple systems working together to keep us alive and well. These systems include: the skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, nervous system, endocrine system, urinary system and immune system. Each of these systems has its own role in allowing our body to function appropriately. However, each is interdependent. Therefore, if one system becomes compromised for any reason, other body systems will become…

the lymph nodes. After this infection occurs these bacteria now, in the body are planktonic. This means they are individual, free swimming, and virtually functioning as single celled organisms. When these bacteria are threatened by the host’s immune system or antibiotics they form biofilms. A biofilm is a thin coating of organic as well as inorganic matter that contains bacteria that have fused together and permanently anchored themselves to an object or body surface in contact with water.…

Introduction There are multiple Immunological techniques or tests used for starting and measuring an immune response (1). Antibodies and antigens found in our immune system is done by immunoassays (2). The majority of immunological tests are based on the adaptive immune system. Substances recognized by our immune system are antigens. Injections are done by a trained health care professional to test for an immune response. The antibodies work together to fight antigens. Immunologists can inject…