Adaptive immune system

play a critical role in the innate immune system and represent a first line of defense against pathogens and tumor cells. Involved in immune surveillance, NK cells patrol the body looking for infected or cancerous cells. While other immune cells recognize the presence of antibodies on the MHC receptor of infected cells before a response is initiated, NK cells have the ability to respond to stressed cells in the absence of the MHC receptor, allowing a much faster immune response. The lack or…

Hippocrates once said, “Let food by thy medicine and medicine be thy food.” This powerful statement, spoken in the 5th century BC, still resonates with us today. Hippocrates understood the correlation between a well-balanced diet and good health. Hippocrates completed extensive research and studies to prove diseases derive from natural sources. He reasoned that the role of the physician was to aid the body with healing itself against pathogenic organisms. He methodically categorized…

Sepsis What is sepsis? According to the Nationals institute of General Medical Science, “Sepsis is a serious condition caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection.” Anyone can get sepsis, however, people with immature or weak immune systems are at greatest risk. Sepsis, if not treated early and aggressively can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and possibly even death. In years past, due to lack of knowledge about medical hygiene patients ended up with serious infections…

The human body is solely dependent on the protection of the immune system from foreign invaders that may cause harm to the body. It also plays a significant role in the development of allergies in which invading substances foreign to the body are identified as allergens, also referred to as antigens, and induce an inflammatory response in either a primary or secondary immune response. Secondary immune responses to allergens directly correlate to the more severe systemic reactions, however…

of feline or cat, respiratory system is similar to one of a cat’s. Their respiratory system is liable for performing two actions. First, it is responsible for transferring oxygen to the blood and exhaling waste gasses like Carbon Dioxide from the lungs. It is also responsible for cooling the cat, as cats do not have sweat glands (except on their feet).…

The innate responses induce many proinflammatory factors which serve as an antiviral immune such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma (3). Latent Infection of Epstein-Barr virus induces secretion of several inflammatory factors, meanwhile lytic infections avoid the antiviral inflammatory response. Furthermore, it has been proposed that lytic proteins of herpesviruses a key role in avoiding host immune responses, including disruption of interferon signaling. For example,…

Tumor microenvironments consist of solid tumors and a matrix of blood supply. This also consist of a variety of immune cells that aid in cell signaling. This environment functions off the recruitment of chemoattractants, growth hormones, cytokines, and other key elements. Myeloid derived stem cells play a major role in tumor microenvironments. The stems cells that come stem from here are stimulated with various factors. Myeloid progenitor stem cells stimulated with erythropoietin gives rise to…

1. The innate immune system, also considered the first line of defense, is made up of different mechanisms that protect the host from infecting organisms. This system allows for immediate response to infection, and is found in all classes of plant and animal life. Though the innate immune system does provide immediate defense against an infecting agent, it does not provide long term protective immunity to the host, therefore it does not have memory. The innate immune system utilizes protective…

tetanus toxoid to protect him. Tetanus toxin is a powerful neurotoxin that can affect severely the patient because he has not received the vaccine and as a result his immune system may be compromised. In his case, his immune system needs to make antibodies, we called it active immunity. Active immunity is exposure to antigen. It is an adaptive response of the body and it is categorized as acquired or natural. By contrast the passive immunity is the presence of the antibody IgG to defend the body…

I. INTRODUCTION Summary. T cells are one of the several types of lymphocytes that performs several functions in immunity. An example function is immune surveillance, a process in which foreign and diseased host cells are recognized and destroyed by natural killer cells. T cells function in immune surveillance by generating a T-cell response (TCR) which allow them to function in fighting against infection (Swann, J. B. et al, 2007). Recent findings indicate TCR and local non-related factors of…