Adaptive immune system

The main features of the adaptive immune response is to adapt its response to new invaders and its ability to specifically recognise and remember an invader. B cells are used in the humoral division of the adaptive immune system. Each B cell has a different antigen-binding specificity. Only one B cell is activated per antigen but the activated B cell can differentiate and secrete many antibodies with the same specificity for the original antigen. B cells express specific antigen receptors…

Human Papillomaviruses Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are DNA double-stranded viruses consisting of 8 Kb [1]. Currently, there have been identified about 170 types of HPV distinguished according to their expressed tropism. The classifications of HPV range from cutaneotropic, mucosotropic to a specific class that can reside in both cutaneous or mucous tissues [2]. Epidemiology HPV is considered to be one of the most transmittable sexual diseases and its prevalence is directly proportional to the…

an individual produces a primary immune response when their body comes in contact with a pathogen such as bacterium or virus. It can be artificially acquired through vaccination (see next answer) or naturally acquired during microbial infections. Following exposure to for example, a microbe or an antigen (a molecule that triggers a specific immune response), the body responds via B cell clone differentiation which produces specific immunoglobulins/antibodies (immune cells) to fight infection as…

In this lab, we tried to observe one of important strategies that innate immune system following during invading the pathogenic bacteria that was phagocytosis. The innate immune system has various agents, which, play a significant role in protection the boy from foreign guests a like many different cells, portions, and chemic ataxic or chemical signaling that act the message for the body preparing for defenses. The white blood cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes are capable…

leads to fatigue, skin rashes and swollen lymph nodes. Currently, there are no specific cures to eliminate glandular fever from its host, however, treatments are available to fight the symptoms and the most reliable cure currently is for body’s immune system to combat the virus. Glandular fever or mononucleosis is a viral infection caused by the “Epstein-Barr” (EBV). The Epstein-Barr virus is composed of a double helix of DNA at the centre of the virus, which is surrounded by a nucelocapsid. A…

NK-cells (natural killers) represent a heterogeneous lymphocytes population of innate immune system. They have a natural cytolytic activity, are capable of producing cytokines and chemokines and are involved in the antiviral and antitumor body control. In the quiescent state, an average diameter of NK-cell is about 8.7 microns, while in the moment of its activation it may increase its size up to 10-12 microns (Ferlazzo et al., 2004). This feature was the reason for the initial determination of…

and effectiveness. Vaccines are developed, tested, and regulated even more thoroughly than non-vaccine drugs because the number of human subjects in vaccine clinical trials is usually greater (College of Physicians of Philadelphia). The current system for developing, testing, and regulating vaccines developed during the 20th century, which involved standardized procedures and regulations.Vaccine development and testing first started out with the exploratory and pre-clinical stage, which later…

As the number of hosts immune to a disease go up, so does the chance of eradicating the pathogen the host is immune to. Having a high percentage of immune hosts within a population is called, herd immunity (Plotkin MD). Herd immunity keeps disease from spreading from person to person, and helps to protect people who are unable to receive…

from the US, however, due to international travel and migration that number has since raised. Although getting a vaccination is not mandatory, the United States has two ways in which they enforce these shots. The first way is through the educational system; students must have all their shots before being allowed admission. The second care is during extreme…

Guillain–Barré syndrome Guillain-Barre, pronounced: gee-YAH-buh-RAY, syndrome is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system attacks your peripheral nerves instead of invading organisms. I chose this topic because my father suffered for over 7 years with this debilitating disease. I have only known one person to have it, him. I have heard of it because it is one of the questions on the Influenza administration questionnaire form. I feel it is a unique and often misdiagnosed disease.…