Adaptive immune system

viral infections. However, although we have studied a vast amount of microbes, for our current scope, let us keen in and focus on a particular type of microbe. These microbes are held responsible for a large amount of illnesses that affect our immune system. Some examples of these illnesses…

The Bubonic Plague: An Attack on the Lymphatic System The systems in our body all work together to keep us healthy and functioning, when there is an issue with one system, effects can be seen throughout the body. Plague is a zoonosis, a contagious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans. The bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, which is a vital part of the immune system. Many people are familiar with the bubonic plague and its effects since the disease is…

that inhabit us, relate homeostasis. The microbiota is essential for proper body growth, health maintenance, development of immunity and good use of the nutrients. Some chronic diseases as asthma, obesity and other characteristics of the digestive system can be explained by…

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective…

room to her swollen and blood-deprived organs. The bacterium that caused her infection was Clostridium difficile. The bacteria already lived in her colon, but it was kept under control by other bacteria in the colon. C. difficile gets past innate immune barriers by secreting toxins A and B (Solomon). Toxins A and B attack intestinal epithelial cells, which causes a proinflammatory…

Background MS (MS) is an auto immune disease which affects neurons of the central nervous system. A neuron consists of three main parts: an axon, dendrite, and a cell body. The axon is usually myelinated with a substance known as the myelin sheath, created by oligodendrocytes. This consists of twenty percent protein and eighty percent lipid. Each oligodendrocyte creates enough myelin to wrap around several axons. The periodic gaps between the neurons are known as nodes of Ranvier, where the…

if the vaccinations their children receive are safe and will protect them. Parents should vaccinate their children because, often, vaccines do more good than harm and they do help protect children from dangerous diseases. Children have weaker immune systems than adults and vaccines help keep them safe from many diseases. The common vaccines recommended for children are MMR, which protects against measles and mumps; pertussis, which protects against whooping cough; and polio and varicella, which…

specific immune response,…

The main features of the adaptive immune response is to adapt its response to new invaders and its ability to specifically recognise and remember an invader. B cells are used in the humoral division of the adaptive immune system. Each B cell has a different antigen-binding specificity. Only one B cell is activated per antigen but the activated B cell can differentiate and secrete many antibodies with the same specificity for the original antigen. B cells express specific antigen receptors…

Effects of Sleep Deprivation One of the most basic functions of the human body or any animal is to sleep. Without getting enough sleep, one can die after approximately two weeks. Along the way, however, if the sleep of children or adults is consistently disturbed they can experience a multitude of negative effects that can harm themselves and others. Today, adults and students are losing more sleep than ever before and can fail to understand the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. In the…