Solubility equilibrium

Reactions: Chemical reactions involving aqueous species and mineral species are heterogeneous and slower compared to aqueous species reactions, thus modeled as rate dependent chemical reactions. This means that when mineral species (N_m ) are not is equilibrium with the aqueous species, the minerals can either dissolve or precipitate. As shown in equation R11 of an example of calcite dissolution/precipitation, a mineral species (Calcite) is involved in a reaction with only aqueous species…

Abstract: In this lab, three variables were tested to discover their effect on the enzyme catalase, taken from a cut and blended potato. The blended potato mixture was strained and put into a centrifuge, the liquid that was in the centrifuge contained the enzyme and remained on ice. The enzyme was placed in test tubes that had varying levels of pH buffers, substrate concentrations and temperatures; the pH, substrate concentration and temperature were the three variables. The data showed that…

different warfarin derivatives; this was to be determined by comparing the equilibrium constants (Keq) and the Gibbs’ free energies of a number of warfarin derivatives. To study this, four warfarin derivatives were used, namely racemate mixtures of 2’-Fluoro warfarin (2’FW), 3’-Fluoro warfarin (3’FW), (R)-4’-Fluorowarfarin,…

Enzymes are protein molecules that occur in all living things on earth and enable chemical reactions. Enzymes not only provide an alternate pathway for a chemical reaction, with a lower activation energy, they also bring substrates together in an optimal orientation, thereby speeding up the rate of reaction (Slide Share 2016). In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the substrate (reactant) binds to the active site and forms and intermediate substance known as the enzyme-substrate complex with the…

As it can be seen in the previous figure, the Bubble Column PBR is a simple conceptual design. The figure simply illustrates the basic flow in the column. The gas enters the bottom of the column through a diffuser causing the gas to break into thousands of small bubbles making it easier for the algae to absorb the carbon dioxide in the gas. Once the algae have consumed as much carbon dioxide as it can, it releases oxygen in the form of gas, which leaves the column through the opening in the…

may block the flow of urine, leading to life threatening complications as well as agonizing pain. Kidney stones form when salts such as calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate slowly precipitate in the kidney due to their high concentrations. The equilibrium…

dissociates into potassium (K+) and nitrate (NO3-) ions. These ions can also recombine into solid potassium nitrate. This reaction can reach a state where concentrations of ions remain constant or Ksp; which stands for the equilibrium concentration for the solubility product. The solubility of a compound changes with temperature, so Ksp changes too. Thermodynamics focuses on three large areas; which are enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. Enthalpy change or ΔH, for KNO3 dissolving…

therefore less of the substance is needed to cause an equilibrium shift. 2. When you add 6.0 M NaOH into the iron (III) thiocyanate ion equilibrium system, the concentration of Fe+3 ion decreases. This causes the equilibrium to favour the reactants, which explains the observed colour change of the solution. 3. If the hydrated cobalt (II) ion complex was refrigerated, the equilibrium would shift and the reactants side would be favoured. When the equilibrium shifts to the left, the colour…

that can dissolve into a liquid with their solubility causing an increase in temperature. The solvent molecules of a liquid can break apart solute molecules (that are supposed to be bonded by intermolecular attractions) by the increase of kinetic energy. Whereas, kinetic energy increases with temperature and its vibrations causes the solute molecules to dissolve more easily. Kinetic energy is energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. Solubility is the ability for a given…

solution and it functions to prevent microbial growth. This PEG is not only soluble in water and ethanol, but also relatively miscible with other PEGs. Therefore, Macrogol 400 is highly favored for use with other co-solvents. The resultant superior solubility in water of Nimotop may also be due to the ability of Macrogol 400 to form hydrogen bonds due to dipole-dipole interactions. Compounds with acidic hydrogen can react with oxygen of PEGs however even so, an overwhelming number of water…