Solubility equilibrium

dissolves in stomach and gastrointestinal(GI) fluids (solubility of drug) 2. How readily does the drug passes through the intestinal wall into the blood (drug permeability) To find out how a drug is likely to be taken up when it is swallowed. The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) was introduced by Gordon L. Amidon in 1995. The BCS is a systematic way of classifying drugs into four categories according to their aqueous solubility and permeability. The need for the classification…

reaction without having the reactants/products evaporate or explode. During reflux, the heating and condensing of the vapor prevents any loss of solvent. As a result, reflux keeps the volume of the solution consistent while inducing reactions. Since equilibrium is not in favor in the formation of the ester, acetic acid had to be added in excess. Though this wouldn’t cause a visible change…

Temperature is one of the water characteristic or more precisely one of the physical water parameters. Water temperature affects almost all other water quality parameters. It plays a key role in aquatic life and habitations. Thus, the fluctuation of temperature controls what aquatic kind will live and bloom in the water body. Water temperature can also affect “the metabolic rates and biological activity of aquatic organisms”. Therefore metabolic rates of aquatic organisms is directly…

Solubility increases with high temperature and more agitation (stirring). The less the solution is stirred or if there’s a decrease in temperature, the solution becomes less soluble and forms a solid at the bottom of the solution. The forward reaction is endothermic because the deltaHrxn was positive, meaning that the solution was absorbing heat rather than releasing heat. An increase in Kc shows the increase of solubility in borax solution. If there’s a decrease…

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the entropy, enthalpy and free energy, as well as the solubility product of borax as a function of temperature from the dissolution of borax in an aqueous solution. Thermodynamics is the study of heat and its transformations. The properties of thermodynamics are entropy, enthalpy and free energy. The properties of thermodynamics can be viewed in terms of spontaneity. Spontaneity is a spontaneous change of a system…

gradient and diffuses into the water until equilibrium is reached. According to Henry’s law the dissolved oxygen content of water is proportional to the percent of oxygen (partial pressure) in the air above it. As oxygen in the atmosphere is about 20.3%, the amount of dissolved oxygen at 100% saturation at sea level at 20° C is 9.03 mg/L (Christine Kemker,2013). 100% saturation is not the maximum amount of solute in a solvent, it is the point of equilibrium. This means that the concentration…

increase in CO2 levels surrounding the earth. Oceans currently absorb (1 )/3 of carbon dioxide present within the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide that enters the sea this results in a change in the chemicals present in the ocean thereby changing the equilibrium of the ocean due to different chemical ratios. This is particularly harmful for organisms with shells such as shell fish along with coral and others that build calcium-based shells. Ocean acidification does not mean that oceans are…

Color b) Odour c) Taste Physical Appearance The appearance of the API was done by visual observation Solubility Studies Solubility profiles of Atorvastatin were done by solubility equilibrium method. It is done by stirring an excess of drug in the solvents water, methanol, ethanol isopropyl alcohol for a prolonged period until equilibrium is reached. It is also done in various concentrations of pH buffers. Bulk density:…

3.1 Effect of reaction time period The time course is a good indicator of catalyst performance and reaction progress. It helps pinpoint the adequate time necessary to obtain the best yield and minimize the process cost. Figure 1 shows the acid value profile of Sn(Oct)2 catalyzed synthesis of PRA. As the reaction progressed, the hydroxyl group of one monomer reacted with carboxylic group of another monomer to form oligomer and then the chain was lengthened to polymer. This was indicated by a…

Symptoms of allergy can be treated with H1 antihistamines. The purpose of treatment is to prevent histamine to stimulate the receptors, why they consist of the same core structure as histamine . These H1 antihistamines constitute the second most commonly used class of medications after antibiotics and there are many varieties used in different conditions . H1 antihistamines are classified into six groups: ethanolamines, ethylene diamines, alkylamines, piperazines, piperadines, and phenothiazines…