Solubility equilibrium

Introduction It is evident throughout the world today that the quality of water has become increasingly important in terms of not only ensuring that every individual has an adequate quality and quantity of the substance, but also for the maintenance and sustainability of the world’s natural environment (. However despite water quality remaining as an essential part of life for all living organisms, the influence of human developments involving farms and urban areas have brought a somewhat…

equilibria using a Monte Carlo approach in order to investigate the effect of those uncertainties on calculated pCO2 in four lake groups across a broad gradient of alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. We also determine which carbonate equilibrium and alkalinity group is least sensitive to variation in input parameters and gives the most precise estimates of pCO2. We also compare calculated pCO2 with direct pCO2 observations to investigate if random error magnitudes among the…

Most corrosion is an electrochemical reaction. Anything that affects the speed of the chemical reaction will in turn affect the amount of current flow, which will affect the rate of corrosion. The rate of corrosion is directly proportional to the amount of current in the electrochemical corrosion cell. If the current can be measured accurately, then an exact calculation of the metal loss can be made. 2.2.1 ELECTRICAL EFFECTS ON THE RATE OF CORROSION Any issue that have an effect on the…

the kidney stones. Calcium phosphate had a balanced equation of Ca (NO3) 2 (aq) + NaPO4 (aq) ⇌ Ca3 (PO4) 2 (s) + 2 Na (NO3) (aq). The balanced equation of calcium oxalate was Ca (NO3) 2 (aq) + Na2C2O4 (aq) ⇌ CaC2O4 (s) + 2 Na (NO3) 2. To achieve equilibrium for calcium phosphate, a 7.11 g Ca (NO3) 2 solution was mixed with a solution of 5.29 g Na3PO4 to create Ca3 (PO4) 2. Calcium oxalate was formed using a mixture of 6.4 g Ca (NO3) 2 with 5.23 g Na2C2O4 to form Na (NO3) 2. All solutions were…

As the amount of anthropogenic CO2 has been rising in the atmosphere, this has meant a natural rise in the levels of CO2 in the oceans. This rise can have a large effect on the natural biogeochemical cycles of the oceans. The largest effect will be seen through the acidification of the oceans. When CO2 is dissolved in seawater it increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in the ocean, which then decreases the overall pH, causing acidification. This acidification can have a detrimental effect…

oxygen (O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) when exhaling, this process allows the concentration of oxygen to gradually reduce throughout the body. The molecules will move around the body from higher to lower concentration in order to reach the state of equilibrium, the forces acting are equal to one another, once the molecules have been distributed equally throughout the body. There are a few types of diffusion the first being Osmosis also known as bulk flow in the text, this process involves diffusing…

Freezing point is the temperature for a particular compound where the liquid freezes to form a solid (Chemistry Dictionary). If salt is added to water, it freezes at lower temperatures. If there are fewer water molecules, then freezing occurs at a slower rate (Salt and the Freezing Point of Water). Pure water freezes at 0º Celsius, but water that is combined with salt will freeze at a temperature less than 0º Celsius (Oleson, Andrew and Daly, Terik). A solvent is something in which other things…

present in the reaction. The combination of an added base and selective crystallization allows for the enhancement of chirality in the system because according to Le Chatelier`s principle when there is a change in concentration of a chemical the equilibrium will shift to the right because the enantiomer of 1 is in excess. The base does not influence Le Chatelier`s principle, it only provides a catalyst to speed up a process that takes too long to naturally preform in a laboratory. Another…

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY Wastewater in the textile , plastic, paper and cosmetics industry is a major threat to the environment. The volume of wastewater produced starts from different processes throughout from the pretreatments to the final treatment. The contents found in the wastewater are complex, having inorganic and organic compound chemicals in it and aquatic lives are at risk. Some of these wastes have even caused mutation in genetic coding of the marine…

4, 5-substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives melts on thermolysis when heated at high temperature3160C for half an hour. 1, 2, 4-Triazole derivatives are easily soluble in polar solvents and slightly soluble in non-polar solvents. However the solubility in non-polar solvents can be enhanced by substitution on the nitrogen atom.[[3]]The triazole ring is a frequent moiety present in various drugs such as Azosemide (diuretic), Brotizolam (appetite stimulant), Cefetrzine (antibacterial),…