Gibbs free energy

The Thermodynamics of Potassium Nitrate Dissolving in Water Introduction: This experiment focuses on thermodynamics or the study of heat and molecular randomness. It helps illustrate how and why potassium nitrate (KNO3) dissolves in water. When it dissolves, it dissociates into potassium (K+) and nitrate (NO3-) ions. These ions can also recombine into solid potassium nitrate. This reaction can reach a state where concentrations of ions remain constant or Ksp; which stands for the equilibrium concentration for the solubility product. The solubility of a compound changes with temperature, so Ksp changes too. Thermodynamics focuses on three large areas; which are enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. Enthalpy change or ΔH, for KNO3 dissolving…

adsorption behavior toward heavy metallic ions possess negative Gibb’s free energy change, positive enthalpy change and positive entropy change which is the same result as studies for activated carbons[19][20][24]. The negative value of ∆G reflects feasibility and spontaneity of adsorption processes. The more negativity of ∆G marks greater driving force for adsorption, which implies a higher adsorption capacity. The positive value of ∆S indicates increased randomness at reacting interface and…

The purpose of this project is to create customer experience map and make recommendations. A customer service map is a diagram of the steps a customer takes while engaging with a company. The company we chose to evaluate is a well-known cell phone service provider known as Sprint. While evaluating many different touch points of our interaction with Sprint we had many thoughts and different emotions. The beginning of any customer journey starts in the parking lot. Fortunately the parking lot of…

It was record time speed for a woman. It was interesting the when she was being awarded she looked like she hadn’t even ran a foot. Her hair was perfect, she was barely sweaty whatsoever. So apparently Rosie Ruiz finished the Boston Marathon in almost record time without sweating. It seemed strange to everyone that you had just ran over 26 miles and you were barely breaking a sweat. Once people started getting suspicious they realized, “no one — neither competitors nor spectators — could…

1.0) The Ellingham Diagram 1.1) Introduction The Gibbs free energy (∆G) of a reaction is defined as the measure of the thermodynamic force that drives a reaction to occur. When ∆G is positive, it indicates that a reaction will not occur spontaneously while when ∆G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous. The Gibbs free energy equation is given by : ∆G = ∆H –T∆S ∆H refers to the enthalpy and is a measure of the actual energy that is released when the reaction occurs. A negative…

In this model no any chemical reaction is considered.(Barba et al.) modelled gasification by considering it to occur in two steps, in the first of which the biomass is decomposed at high temperature to give primary gas and carbonaceous residue and in the second there is modification in primary gas due to water gas shift reaction and steam reforming reaction. The total Gibbs free energy of a system is a function of Gibbs free energy of each of the components. For minimizing the Gibbs free energy,…

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the entropy, enthalpy and free energy, as well as the solubility product of borax as a function of temperature from the dissolution of borax in an aqueous solution. Thermodynamics is the study of heat and its transformations. The properties of thermodynamics are entropy, enthalpy and free energy. The properties of thermodynamics can be viewed in terms of spontaneity. Spontaneity is a spontaneous change of a system…

Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. It involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes. The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first…

1. Redox Catalyst Catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its chemical composition and affecting the standard Gibbs free energy, by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction. It does so by providing an alternative reaction pathway. In redox reaction, the key chemical event is the net movement of electrons from one reactant to the other. The oxidation state of atoms are changed. Transition metal is used as redox catalyst due…

question should be, what is free will and do we have it? The definition of free will is not a simple answer. Free will tries to account for our introspective belief that we have control of our actions and as a result, our own destiny. Nothing in our lives is predetermined and every cause has an effect. Human actions are caused, but we can consider actions free if they are the result of internal motivations rather than external events, a belief known as soft determinism. Some philosophers like…