Phagocytosis

Why is sugar bad for you? part 2. Insulin is a very important hormone in the body. It is made by the pancreas and allows the body to use glucose from carbohydrates and it maintains blood sugar levels from getting too high or low. Since eating promotes blood sugar levels to rise, your pancreas signals insulin to release into the bloodstream. Then, the insulin links to your cells and absorbs sugars. If you have excess sugar in your body than it requires, insulin aids in storing sugar in liver and…

called pseudopodia. The membrane folds inwards to form a vesicle known as phagosomes. Phagosomes then leaves the plasma membrane to enter the cytoplasm which then fuses with the lysosome to form a protective vesicle. The importance of the process of phagocytosis is to fight of bacteria. It acts as a defensive role to the body, an example of this is the white blood…

Abstract This paper talks about a clinical case study that describes the condition of a 60 year old man. I have identified that this patient presents symptoms of peritonitis. Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum and is usually caused by diverticulitis which this patient has, also the patient has a cloudy peritoneal fluid which indicates the sign of a bacterium called Bacteroides fragilis. This bacterium is obligately anaerobic and is typically found in the digestive tract of humans.…

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is very a important part of the eye; It is responsible for absorption of scattered light, the visual cycle and phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment membranes. The protein RPE65 is normally abundantly made in the RPE, unless there is a mutation in the RPE65 gene, caused by a deletion of 4 base pairs. This deletion causes a frame shift and also an early stop on the protein, so the protein is shorter and does not function properly. The mutated gene is…

The plague is probably best known in the West as the disease that caused the Black Death in Europe in the fourteenth century. Nearly two-thirds of the population of Europe was killed, leaving a marked impact on Western culture (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2014). However, plague has not been eradicated and continues to be a disease that humans contend with in the twenty-first century. Natural disasters, human conflict, and abnormally warm and dry weather conditions can all cause increases…

1. Describe what may occur if hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity occur as a result of drug use. Hepatotoxicity is when the liver detoxifies and metabolizes foreign chemicals in the blood. It can be damaged by drugs or their metabolic products. If liver cells are injured, enzymatic abnormalities usually occur which is when fatty liver deposits form, hepatitis occurs, and in the worst cases liver failure can result. Nephrotoxicity occurs when nephron tubules and/or filtration abilities of the…

In a healthy individual, the bloodstream remains sterile – free of any pathogens. The immune system, which is responsible for defending the body against pathogens, is a very complex and vital body system. The immune system involves both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity functions as the “first responder” system of the body. The skin, the mucous membranes are the first line of defense in innate immunity. The skin and mucous membranes serve to prevent microbes from…

secretory cells and gets rid of substances like insulin or neurotransmitters. Endocytosis, however, allows the cell to take in substances. Vesicles pinch off from the plasma membrane, allowing the bulk into the cell. Endocytosis comes in three forms: phagocytosis, when a cell engulfs a substance entirely, pinocytosis, when the cell takes the substance in by small vesicles (like small gulps), and receptor-mediated endocytosis, where the substance binds to receptors, triggering the formation of a…

For the purpose of this report we will be focusing mainly on the base level of cells, and those of an animal. Within all organisms we find cells, they form the life blood of their being. Cells contain the blue prints for all life forms known as D.N.A. Cellular structure While complex, cellular structures can also be relatively simplistic in design. Each component of the cell plays a vital role, working together in harmony to provide life. Initially we must look at the cell membrane. The cell…

S. Pneumoniae bacteria are encapsulated gram-positive coccus. They are an elongated shaped cell that is arranged in pairs and in short chains and are non- motile and non –sporing organisms. S. pneumonia is cultivated in the anaerobic condition in blood or chocolate agar in thirty-seven degrees celsius and is incubated for twenty-four hours; this increases the bacteria growth by five to ten percent. The characteristic of the culture of S. pneumonia is a small smooth colony with alpha hemolysis.…