Phagocytosis

1. Non-pathogen name: Bacillus subtilis 2. Description of non-pathogen: B. subtilis is a mesophilic, gram-positive bacillus that is commonly found in soil, although it can also survive in plants (1). B. subtilis are facultative aerobes, using butanediol fermentation or nitrated ammonification when oxygen is unavailable (1). The bacillus is motile by using a single flagellum and commonly forms biofilms which contain several B. subtilis all traveling in the same direction (1). It has a circular…

Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is perhaps one of the most notable and widespread neurological diseases that involves the degeneration of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve cells (Kira 2006). The demyelination of these nerve cells can lead to nerve damage that can hinder communication between the brain and the body, thus ultimately resulting in slowed and impaired motor, sensory, and cognitive function (Chiaravalloti and DeLuca 2008). The deterioration of the myelin sheaths results from an…

portion of the blood but still play a very important role, especially in the defense of the body from harmful pathogens. This includes several different types of cells such as neutrophils which “eat” up debris and harmful pathogenic organisms through phagocytosis. There are also basophils and eosinophils which both contribute to allergic responses in order to protect the body from foreign materials. Platelets or thrombocytes are small particles which facilitate the clotting process in the blood…

fluid and hemorrhages under the skin. This treatment modality will give physical incitement and signs that patient can't provide. Finally, taping will encourage phagocytosis therefore lactic acid will be formed at the end. This will be a stimulant for the proliferation phase. Taping can help the management of the proliferation/acute phase as it can assist in controlling movement, controlling the load and direction of power. This therefore contradicts research of total rest. During the third…

10. Describe the physiological roles of the different subclasses of immunoglobulins. How do the structures of these compounds relate to the function of the different classes of immunoglobulins (50 Marks?) There are four different subclasses of immunoglobulins which are IgM, IgG, IgA and the IgE. Each subclass has its physiological role in relation to its structure. The m immunoglobulin (IgM) is the first primary subclass which is produced due to primary response of the immune system. IgM is the…

pathogen in the circulation is facilitated by PRP, by presents of fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on the outer membrane and bacteria adaptation e.g. loos of fimbriae and LPS modification (Turk, 1984). Capsule allowed bacteria to avoid phagocytosis, while the presents of fimbriae allowed bacteria to attach to human epithelial cells. IgA proteases inactivate immunoglobulin A by cleavage and therefore allowed bacteria to avoid host immune system (Turk, 1984). LPS is an endotoxin that…

of C5 and complement membrane attack complex (C5b-9), cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators causing an influx of neutrophils to that particular joint (Doherty, 2009). The TLR2, TLR4, and the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 stimulate phagocytosis of the MSU crystals. When the TLR2 and TLR4 recognize the MSU crystals, MYD88, Rac1, and AKt signaling transducer activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-KB and multiple other pro-inflammatory mediators (Doherty, 2009; Moi,…

It is greatly enlarged in rheumatoid arthritis to eight to ten cells thick (Bingham, 2013). In RA, however, the subintimal area is heavily infiltrated with inflammatory cells (Bingham, 2013). Phagocytosis create enzymes within the joint (Belleza, 2017). The hypertrophied synovium (also called pannus) invades and erodes contiguous cartilage and bone. Cartilage’s flexibility, quality, and water content are all impaired in RA (Bingham, 2013). Muscle…

The Laws of Thermodynamics dictate that the universe is constantly becoming more disordered. If this is truly the case, then how have life forms as ordered as the ones here on earth possibly come to exist? The universe’s relentless drift toward pure chaos poses quite a challenge to the order that is life, but by using concepts of thermodynamics and biophysics, life forms continue to subsist. Life itself is in a perpetual struggle with the Laws of Thermodynamics that both are the foundation for…

allow for the application of data to other model systems. Hobert (2000) believes, that the patterns of these LIM-homeodomain proteins is evident from studies about Drosophila to C. elegans. LIM proteins have their own transcription factors and cytoskeletal elements. Structurally, a LIM domain has cysteines with 2 zinc fingers. These LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) proteins regulate the formation of cell line cells and influence differentiation. (Dawid et al., 1995) To control these proteins, it is…