Phagocytosis

that fleas can act as a vector, or usually a parasite that transmits a disease from one animal or plant to another. This description qualifies the bubonic plague as a zoonotic infection. Another contributing factor that helps Y. pestis overcome phagocytosis is that Y. pestis is capable of inserting macrophages and immune cells with a substance called YOPS, or Yersinia Outer Proteins. Once the YOPS are in the cell, they create pores that allow a passageway for other…

Eukaryotic cells such as macrophages have the ability to go through the process of phagocytosis in order to ingest different harmful bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. Macrophages ingest these bacteria in order to digest them, however, the Legionella pneumophila containing phagosomes (LCPs) avoid the lysosomes of the cell by replicating and converting the phagosome into an endoplasmic reticulum derived organelle with the aid of Sar1 and ADP-ribosylation (ARF). Sar1 and ARF are GTPases…

With transports there are two types, passive and active. Passive transport moves molecules and other substances across the membrane, but unlike active transport it does not use chemical energy. Instead it depends on the permeability. When using active transport molecules go from a high to a low concentration gradient. There are 3 ways for passive transport which are osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis is when water moves a selectivity permeable membrane. There are three types…

The human body is made up of thousands of cells, each with a defined genetic program that allows them to work synchronically to regulate the metabolic and physiological processes required by the organism. All cells die (not accidentally), because in old age or because they are Cell death by apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis. This process is carried out through mitochondrial permeabilization and the activation of caspases. The condensation of chromatin and the…

Anthrax is a disease caused by the microorganism Bacillus anthracis. This primary pathogen is a zoonotic, aerobic, spore-producing bacillus which is gram positive when tested under a microscope1-4. It is particularly dangerous because of its hardy spores which can survive despite exposure to higher temperatures, light, and multiple disinfectants3. Once the bacteria are picked up by grazing herbivores, the spores begin to germinate and become virulent. As the bacteria continue to develop in the…

Submit your Case Study in the Drop Box as: Case Study – One Mrs. X comes into the urgent care stating that she does not feel well. Patient states that she burned her forearm two to three days prior when cooking. The patient states that initially the area on her forearm was just “red” with a few small pin head sized blisters. The patient states that she did not put anything on the blisters, as she thought they would diminish within the next day or two. Now the patient presents with a fever.…

The main role of PMN is phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debri. PMNs are also a major source of cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and second population that invades the wound consist of macrophages. The function of macrophages is phagocytosis , activation and recruitment of other cells by releasing various cytokines, growth factors such as Vascular endothelial growth Factor, Insulin like Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor. Macrophages regulate matrix synthesis…

1. Summary of how I identified Bacillus cereus. a. First, I performed the gram stain test, I then went on to do the spore stain. b. The results I obtained from the gram stain were gram positive rods, I could tell they were positive by the purple color to them and the rod shape by the comparison provided in the lab manual (Wilkosz, Peterson). After I confirmed the results I performed the spore stain, which indicated that my sample was positive so it contained endospores. The sample should have…

During pinocytosis, the cell takes small amounts of extracellular fluid and pulls them into vesicles through the cell membrane almost constantly. Phagocytosis is where the cell engulfs food or other molecules by extending pseudopodium and enclosing the molecules before pulling them into the cell. From there, the pseudopodium becomes a food vacuole and is digested after fusing with a lysosome. Endocytosis…

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a Primary human immunodeficiency disease which is caused by genetic predisposition in an autosomal recessive pattern, where this describes any chromosome other than sex chromosomes where both pairs of the gene in each cell have underwent mutation. This disorder itself is a rare one, where about 200 cases of the condition have been reported worldwide. The parents of the person with this type of condition, autosomal recessive, carry one copy of the mutated gene, but…