Phagocytosis: The effects of time and Latrunculin on endocytosis. Introduction Phagocytosis is a process in which cells engulfed foreign materials. Eukaryotic cells can engulf different particles and solutes from their environment using a variety of mechanisms called endocytosis. Some cells can carry out large endocytic processes called phagocytosis and micropinocytosis. These processes can internalize particles (>0.5um) whereas internalization of fluids through micropinocytosis mechanisms or solute into vesicles for size less than (<0.5) Phagocytosis is a ubiquitous process throughout nature. The behavior can be observed in unicellular organisms like amoeba using phagocytosis to obtain nutrients. Similarly, for vertebrates phagocytosis is an efficient method used by phagocytic cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils to uptake, eliminate pathogens and cellular debris from the body. Understanding phagocytosis depends on several steps involving interaction between phagocyte surface receptors with ligands on the surface of particles and cytoskeletal rearrangement (polymerization of actin) for the formation of an early endosome into a phagosome.…
Introduction: The ultimate goal of this laboratory experiment was to have a better understanding of phagocytosis and how certain factors may affect the rate of phagocytosis. The first part of the experiment was to test the effects of both concentrations of India ink, and feeding status on the rate of phagocytosis. Through this testing one can identify the conditions necessary to obtain the highest rate of phagocytosis. The second part of this lab was taking the variables that maximize the rate…
However exocytosis is the process in which debris enter a cell; this process can be sectioned off into three different parts: Phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Phagocytosis is where recognition receptors detect threats to the immune system, and then the macrophage submerges the particle in a pocket called a phagosome where the enzymes are then released into the pocket by one of the organelles (Mosser, D. and Edwards, J. 2008) where lysosomes release digestive enzymes…
bacteria, or what type of foreign substance it is. They generally respond to things that are bad. All they know is that they see something that isn’t suppose to belong and they respond to it, but they don’t remember it. The first line of defense includes the physical and chemical barriers of the skin, acid in our stomachs, or the acidity of the oils on the outside of our skin. Our skin provides a barrier which helps foreign substances from piercing into the body and causing diseases. The…
functions: The main biological functions for CRP to determine via its ability to identify pathogens and injured cells of the host and mediate their elimination via activating the complement system and phagocytic cells (Brundish and Baddiley,1968 ; Weiser et al., 1997). CRP binds to microorganisms and mediates their killing to more recent observations of protection against bacterial pathogens in CRP transgenic mice. The most significant evidence has supported the notion that CRP plays an…
Incubation of Macrophage with MSCs 100 µl of MSC suspension (2 × 105 cell/ml) was added to each well of 96-well microplates containing macrophages and incubated for 4 h at 37°C in a moist atmosphere of 5% CO2. 2.5 Phagocytic assay by neutral red The basic phagocytic ability of macrophage (non-opsonic dependent phagocytosis) was measured by neutral red uptake. After MSCs and Macrophages were co-cultured for 2 h, 200 µl neutral red solutions (dissolved in 10 mmol/L PBS with the concentration of…
Active transport is when a cell uses a transport protein to move a substance against its concentration gradient from where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated. Endocytosis is a form of active transport, and it allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules and bring them into the cell. 9. Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis and types of each. Both exocytosis and endocytosis use vesicles to transport substances, and they both require energy. Endocytosis is a…
concentrated around neurons; these are the cells responsible for electrical impulses (coordinating signaling in the nervous system). The general functions of glial cells can be seen in the operations of its different types, within the CNS and PNS. They are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS (House & Palmer, 1996). The removal and destruction of neural debris are carried out by the microglial and astrocytes in the CNS, (House & Palmer,…
barrier around the the cut to excess bleeding and prevent blood clotting. The table below summarises the components and functions of blood. AC 1.1 The composition of Blood –Main components and their Functions Function Blood Components Involved Mode of Action Thermoregulation Defence Transport of hormones Water Components of blood plasma White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Plasma Platelets Hemoglobin By controlling blood flow to…
Anemia in malaria is due to hemolysis and reduce production of erythrocytes.8 Haemolysis of infested red blood cells (iRBC) is associated with the high density of parasaetaemia and schizontoemia.9 Meanwhile the increase in RBC destruction is correlated to the phagocytosis of iRBC and uninfected RBC (uRBC) due to proliferation and hyperactivity of macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system (RES).9 It was believed that uRBC loss is due to their premature senescence, with poor deformability…