Phagocytosis

Chordates, which is the phylum or classification of fish and mammals of the sea, are the most developed marine organisms. Scientists believe that Chordates originated about 590 million years ago. The original organisms of the Chordata phylum are believed to have lacked skeletal structures, and therefore, left a very undetermined fossil record. The vertebrate fossil record begins approximately 400 million years ago. Early Chordates were tunicates, marine organisms that would frequently form…

Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that affects red blood cells. The sickle cell gene inherited form both parents causes the production of structurally abnormal hemoglobin, clinical known as hemoglobin S, which cluster together, causing red blood cells to become rigid and develop a crescent shape. These sickled cells become trapped in small blood vessel and block them, reducing blood and oxygen flow in many parts of the body, and leading to tissue and organ damage.…

Austin Davis Cell Transport Permeability and Mechanisms Biology 2101-009 Derek Draper 11/24/16 Introduction The smallest functional unit of life is the definition of a cell. Smaller than the cell are the chemical processes that allow the cell to live. While cell have many different functions, the most basic is making proteins which produces energy by the devouring of glucose. The most interesting part of the cell, because of its complexity, would have to be the plasma membrane. Not…

phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and fall in interleukin production. Macrophage concentration and functions are also severely reduced after in vivo or in vitro exposure to the virus such as interleukin-l (IL-1) production, Fc receptor expression, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity (Cloud et al., 1992; McConnell et al., 1993a & b). The adverse effects of the virus on lymphocyte and macrophage functions have substantial negative effects on immune response leading to enhancement of the…

Inside a body far, far , away tHere was a white blood cell named disgrace. Disgrace was always teased and bullied by his peers for being, well, being a disgrace . Disgraces’ mother, who was intoxicated with alcohol at the time of giving birth to him (alcohol consumption during pregnancy is rarely a good idea), had given her newly born son a surprisingly faultless name. Disgraces’ only real friend was obviously someone in the same boat , another ill-named white blood cell named, “ugly poo,” this…

RESEARCH STRATEGY (a) Significance. Yersinia pestis (Yp) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of plague. Yp is a Category A agent defined by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as a pathogen that is high risk to public health and national security. A long term goal of NIAID is to explore the host-pathogen interaction and host response to infection with Yp, and to identify and characterize immune responses after exposure to Yp (1).…

The purpose of the unknown experiment is to understand and identify a gram positive and a gram negative. Bacteria can be very helpful in clinical uses and many pharmaceutical drugs are based on the organism. Knowing how a bacterium works and how it is structured can be crucial to determine how it affects each individual. Several biochemical tests were performing to separate and determine the identities of the microorganisms. Broth tube number 31 containing unknown microorganisms. One of the…

Pathophysiology Glomerulonephritis is an infection of the glomerular membrane which impairs proper function. In the kidney, this membrane is responsible for the filtration of water and associated solutes out of the body while simultaneously keeping plasma proteins in the cardiovascular system. When an alteration occurs, the permeability of the membrane decreases, thus decreasing the overall glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the kidney and leading to complications associated with low…

Introduction Wound care involves a lot of physiological and immunologic processes to achieve optimal wound healing, as well as several physical and social factors that may also help to successfully achieve wound closure. In this case study, Carlton, a six-year-old, got a deep cut on his foot after he stepped on the sharp edge of a shell while running along the shoreline. The foot of the six-year-old boy looked even worse a day after her mother had washed it. The gash had turned red and very…

Textbook Reference: 6.4 What Are the Active Processes of Membrane Transport? Page: 120 5. Barrier formation is only one function of the cell membrane. Describe some other functions of the membrane and discuss how the membrane is suited for those functions. Answer: Membranes function in processing energy transformation and in the organization of chemical reactions. Integral and peripheral proteins contribute to these functions. The membrane serves as a holding site for the catalytic enzymes…