Phagocytosis

are ovoid and elongated. They widespread in brackish environments and freshwater. Length of the species are various ranging from 50 micrometers to 330 micrometers. They feed on yeasts, algae, and small protozoa which are captured by them through phagocytosis, devouring a particle by “wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a food vacuole” (Campbell and Reece 2011). They also serve as the models for the study of basic biological phenomena (Görtz and Adoutte 1988). As an aerobic…

fuses with the inside of the plasma membrane and the molecule is expelled. Endocytosis: The membrane recognises and binds with a molecule in its environment. The fluid membrane then forms a vesicle around the molecule, and the sac enters the cell. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are examples of endocytosis. Passive transport is the movement of molecules down the concentration gradient, which means movement from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. It does not require cellular…

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (PLS) is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited, type IV palmoplantar keratoderma (Hart, et al., 2000). Its prevalence is approximately 4 cases per one million people with no sex or racial predominance (Sreeramulu, et al., 2015). Approximately 1 to 4 people per thousand are carriers of the disorder (Sreeramulu, et al., 2015). If both parents are carriers, there is only a 25% chance that their offspring will be affected. If both parents are affected with PLS, there is a…

Immunoglobulins are created by the immune system in order to defend the body from foreign substances. These are made of proteins and are often referred to as antibodies. There are five classes of immunoglobulins. These five classes are IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE. These classes are distinct from each other by their properties and how they are involved with the immune response. These five classes can be further broken down into more specific subclasses as well. IgG represents approximately 15%…

pyogenes has several virulence factors that can help evade the immune system and spread into deeper tissues. One of the most important virulence factors is the fimbriae. The fimbriae contains a M-protein that blocks the binding site. This inhibits phagocytosis from the host. The M-protein also affects the heart because they contain antigenic molecules that cause autoimmune rheumatic carditis(rheumatic fever). The bacteria produces many exotoxins, such as Streptolysin O, Streptolysin S,…

Once the organism attaches, it uses several other virulence factors to evade host immune system, such as a polysaccharide capsule, OmpU, and siderophores. The polysaccharide capsule allows the organism to evade opsonization and phagocytosis due to its slippery property as well as allows the organism to be resistant to bactericidal properties of serum and hide its immunogenic structures from the host nonspecific defenses [25]. An outer membrane protein, called OmpU, allows the organism…

Streptococcus pyogenes The disease strep throat is one of the most common diseases for both children and teenagers. Some of the side affects of this disease include having a sore throat, swollen tonsils, and pain when swallowing . The pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes causes this disease. Streptococcus pyogenes is in the phylum Firmicutes, the class Bacilli, the order Lactobacillales and the family Streptococcaeceae (Brenner, 2005). Streptococcus pyogenes natural habitat is the human…

The plasma membrane also known as the cell membrane is found in every cell. The cell membrane is around 7-10nm, making it difficult to view even with a transmission scanning electron microscope (it only shows a double black line), this means that no one knows exactly what the membrane looks like. All membranes have the same basic structure made up from phospholipids (fats). The membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer; consisting of a polar phosphate head and two fatty acid tails. The head…

ingested blood into the site causing infection. The bacteria then travels through the cutaneous membrane to the lymph system and then multiplies in cells damaging their immune defenses. This bacteria is very resistant to being killed. It can withstand phagocytosis and once inside it reproduces inside the phagocyte’s cell and kill it! It has an ability to attach easily to cells surfaces and penetrate to reproduce. The outer membrane proteins help prevent an inflammatory response of the body so…

food. The simplest digestive system takes place in the subkingdom Protozoa, where organisms are made up of only a single cell. The mode of digestion is always intracellular, meaning that food particles or liquid foods are ingested into a cell by Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis processes respectively, because it is not possible to undergo digestion outside…