Phagocytosis

control infections .9 A number of inflammatory responses such as pain, swelling, heat, and redness, can occur at the infection site.8 CRP is secreted in response to inflammation and helps activate complement, binds to Fc receptors, and enhances phagocytosis.10 IL-6 increases body temperature and initiates acute phase response.9 IL-1-Beta induces fever, T-cell & macrophage activation.11 Also during inflammation, the surfaces of blood vessel endothelium express cell-adhesion molecules known as…

lysosomal TRP channel TRPML1 then the lysosomal pH becomes more acidic because of the calcium leakage; hence, this makes lysosomes more sensitive to fusing, and due to being near exocytosis regulating secretory granules in polarized secretory cells, phagocytosis occurs between the two organelles to create a larger organelle. This enlargement fusion and absence of TRPML1 cause lysosomal storage disease (LSD) Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV). MLIV is an inherited LSD that is known for causing…

Considering multiple etiological triggers, the age associated changes start up with Initiator trigger mechanisms subsequently followed by damaging the protective reactionary shielding mechanism, both the initiator and the reactionary set of molecular mechanisms regulate multiple pathways, leading to the terminal molecular mechanisms - the two most significant molecular pathways involved are – the final gateways which when lethally affected send the cell to the grave yard. The terminal End point…

Klebsiella Pneumonia holds virulent factors to help the infection process. The cell wall of the bacterium contains receptors that allow it to adhere to the host cells. By doing so, Klebsiella Pneumoniae can impair macrophages and leukocytes and prevent phagocytosis, as the attachment alters the bacterial…

There are three main sources of infection within living organisms. These main sources of infection are known as reservoirs. A reservoir is simply the usual habitat in which the agent lives and multiplies. In this sense the agent is the pathogenic microorganism. The main sources of infection are the following: Human reservoirs, Animal reservoirs and non living reservoirs. Human Reservoirs is a source of infection by which a human acts as the host to a pathogenic microorganism. There are two…

1. The innate immune system, also considered the first line of defense, is made up of different mechanisms that protect the host from infecting organisms. This system allows for immediate response to infection, and is found in all classes of plant and animal life. Though the innate immune system does provide immediate defense against an infecting agent, it does not provide long term protective immunity to the host, therefore it does not have memory. The innate immune system utilizes protective…

Chronic Renal Disease: J.H. and ESRD J. H. is a 55-year-old African American male who presented himself to the Emergency Department with a progressively worsening headache. He had a blood pressure (BP) of 233/134, with complaints of regular abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting and shortness of breath with exertion. Alert and oriented, he stated non-compliance with his BP medications and refusal to do dialysis since his initial diagnosis. Pathophysiology ESRD is the fifth and final stage…

5.3 Responses to probiotic bacteria and microbiota Pathogenic bacteria are not the only bacteria that elicit immune responses in the intestine as probiotic bacteria have also been tested as a food supplement to improve fish health. Few studies have evaluated the impact and regulation of Igs after probiotic administration. Most of these studies showed an increase in IgM secretion and/or expression after probiotic administration (Picchietti et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). However, a…

Introduction Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacteria responsible for a wide range of diseases. They include pharyngitis, impetigo, a skin infection, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) (Burch, 2008). However, the focus of this research will be on necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Although necrotizing fasciitis is rare, it can be lethal. It is commonly known as “flesh-eating bacteria” (touching base, 2001) for its ability to destroy the skin tissue. For the most part, it is…

What is the central nervous system? It’s a system which consists of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. It gathers information about and reacts to internal and external stimulus. Don’t Shoot the Messenger Much of the CNS is made up of neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, which includes a soma with a nucleus, a nucleolus, a cytoplasm called the perikaryon, and wide branching extensions called dendrites. Dendrites are like antennae which receive signals from other neurons or body cells.…