Are The 5.3 Responses To Probiotic Bacteria And Probiota?

5.3 Responses to probiotic bacteria and microbiota
Pathogenic bacteria are not the only bacteria that elicit immune responses in the intestine as probiotic bacteria have also been tested as a food supplement to improve fish health. Few studies have evaluated the impact and regulation of Igs after probiotic administration. Most of these studies showed an increase in IgM secretion and/or expression after probiotic administration (Picchietti et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). However, a downregulation in IgM has also been reported recently in seabream fed with probiotics (Guzmán-Villanueva et al., 2014). Interestingly, a posterior study also in Sparus aurata using the same probiotic encapsulated with alginate, revealed an increase in IgM (Cordero et al., 2015). As mentioned previously, …show more content…
Pathogenic bacteria and probiotics coexist with commensal bacteria in the intestines of teleosts. The balance between these populations is crucial for the maintenance of homeostasis in the intestine. The influence of commensals on mucosal lymphoid tissue development and function, and consequently on disease susceptibility, has been largely demonstrated (Elson and Alexander, 2015; Maynard et al., 2012; Palm et al., 2015). The composition of the microbiota is strongly correlated with a number of factors such as the environment, diet, and genetic backgrounds. Fish intestine harbors approximately 107-108 bacteria per gram, represented by 500 species, consisting mainly of aerobic and facultative anaerobe organisms (Austin, 2006; Gómez and Balcázar, 2008; Pérez et al., 2010;